Optimal test length for multiple prediction: The general case

The concepts of differential prediction and multiple absolute prediction were developed in earlier papers [2, 3]. Methods for determining optimal distribution of testing time for each type of prediction are available [4, 5] and are appropriate for use provided that no altered time allotment approaches zero. In this article the methods developed in [4, 5] are extended to include cases where the altered time allotment for one or more tests may approach zero. The procedures developed are illustrated by numerical examples, after which the mathematical rationales are provided.     

The implicit association test as a general measure of similarity.

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is widely used as a measure of semantic similarity (i.e., associations in semantic memory). The results of previous research and of a new study show that IAT effects can, however, also be based on other types of similarity between stimuli. We therefore put forward the hypothesis that the IAT provides a general measure of similarity. Given that similarity is highly dynamic and context-dependent, our view that the IAT measures similarity is compatible with existing evidence showing that IAT effects are highly malleable. We provide further evidence for this in a new study in which the outcome of an IAT depended on whether the perceptual or functional characteristics of the stimuli were made salient.     

Age-related differences in performance on the Wisconsin card sorting test: a meta-analytic review

Two meta-analyses investigating age-related differences in performance on a popular measure of executive function, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), are reported. The 1st meta-analysis examined age-related changes in performance for the number of categories achieved, and the 2nd meta-analysis examined performance for the number of perseverative errors committed. Results indicated that robust age differences were present on both measures. Further analysis of moderator variables revealed reliable effects of education and test version on both measures, whereas test modality led to marginally significant differences in effect sizes obtained only for the number of categories achieved. Findings are discussed along with current accounts of age differences in performance of the WCST.     

A semiautomatic system for preparing computer data cards

A system is described which eliminates manual coding and punching of computer data cards in a psychophysical experiment. Conventional relay logic is used to control the operation of a card punch and to enter data in selected card columns.     

The MED-PC experimental apparatus programming system

MED-PC is a software system that implements the MEDSTATE NOTATION dialect of state notation on IBM PC and compatible computers equipped with MED Associates interfacing. It provides a programming environment in which users can write short programs in a specialized language to control and record the events of operant and classical conditioning experiments. As many as eight experimental stations, each with up to 8 inputs and 32 outputs, running the same or different experimental procedures, may be active simultaneously. The system provides a standard set of run-time features, including mechanisms for displaying real-time data, simulation of responses, manipulation of array and variable contents, and writing of disk files. The system is based upon polling techniques, and is implemented as a translator that generates Pascal units, which are then linked to previously compiled Pascal routines.     

The development of attention regulation in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task

The present study examined performance on a computerized version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) in participants between 6 and 18 years. Test trials were presented upon request, without time constraints, and with a direct coupling between the participant's response and the onset of the feedback. The pattern of findings that emerged from the self-controlled computerized WCST permitted unique insights into the developmental changes in reasoning and attention regulation during childhood and adolescence. The number of WCST categories achieved developed linearly between 6 and 11 years and asymptoted beyond this age, whereas attentional responses continued to develop. More specifically, a decrease in distractive attention to correct feedback predicted performance in the younger group. In contrast, an increase in attention to error feedback predicted the number of WCST categories achieved by the older children. This pattern of findings indicates that, although trial-by-trial feedback monitoring is crucial for the successful detection of WCST categories in both younger and older children, the specifics of attention regulation differ greatly between children and adolescents.     

Wisconsin Job Service Goes to Prison

One of the most serious problems facing a person coming out of prison is unemployment. Employment may be the most important aspect of offender rehabilitation. This article discusses the development of a prerelease employment orientation program. It also looks into the merits of assessment and evaluation of persons entering the prison system to help them take advantage of education and skill-building resources within the instruction.