共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
We investigate the philosophical significance of the existence of different semantic systems with respect to which a given
deductive system is sound and complete. Our case study will be Corcoran’s deductive system D for Aristotelian syllogistic
and some of the different semantic systems for syllogistic that have been proposed in the literature. We shall prove that
they are not equivalent, in spite of D being sound and complete with respect to each of them. Beyond the specific case of
syllogistic, the goal is to offer a general discussion of the relations between informal notions—in this case, an informal
notion of deductive validity—and logical apparatuses such as deductive systems and (model-theoretic or other) semantic systems
that aim at offering technical, formal accounts of informal notions. Specifically, we will be interested in Kreisel’s famous
‘squeezing argument’; we shall ask ourselves what a plurality of semantic systems (understood as classes of mathematical structures)
may entail for the cogency of specific applications of the squeezing argument. More generally, the analysis brings to the
fore the need for criteria of adequacy for semantic systems based on mathematical structures. Without such criteria, the idea
that the gap between informal and technical accounts of validity can be bridged is put under pressure. 相似文献
2.
Giorgi Japaridze 《Studia Logica》2009,91(1):1-24
Within the program of finding axiomatizations for various parts of computability logic, it was proven earlier that the logic of interactive Turing reduction is exactly the implicative fragment of Heyting’s intuitionistic
calculus. That sort of reduction permits unlimited reusage of the computational resource represented by the antecedent. An
at least equally basic and natural sort of algorithmic reduction, however, is the one that does not allow such reusage. The
present article shows that turning the logic of the first sort of reduction into the logic of the second sort of reduction
takes nothing more than just deleting the contraction rule from its Gentzen-style axiomatization. The first (Turing) sort
of interactive reduction is also shown to come in three natural versions. While those three versions are very different from
each other, their logical behaviors (in isolation) turn out to be indistinguishable, with that common behavior being precisely
captured by implicative intuitionistic logic. Among the other contributions of the present article is an informal introduction
of a series of new — finite and bounded — versions of recurrence operations and the associated reduction operations.
Presented by Robert Goldblatt 相似文献
3.
Daniel Guevara 《Synthese》2008,164(1):45-60
Various formally valid counterexamples have been adduced against the Humean dictum that one cannot derive an “ought” from
an “is.” There are formal rebuttals—some very sophisticated now (e.g., Charles R. Pigden’s and Gerhard Schurz’s)—to such counterexamples.
But what follows is an intuitive and informal argument against them. I maintain that it is better than these sophisticated
formal defenses of the Humean dictum and that it also helps us see why it implausible to think that we can be as decisive
about the truth or falsity of the dictum as both the formal counterexamples or formal barriers to them purport to be. 相似文献
4.
Melvin Fitting 《Studia Logica》2009,91(3):335-366
This is a largely expository paper in which the following simple idea is pursued. Take the truth value of a formula to be
the set of agents that accept the formula as true. This means we work with an arbitrary (finite) Boolean algebra as the truth
value space. When this is properly formalized, complete modal tableau systems exist, and there are natural versions of bisimulations
that behave well from an algebraic point of view. There remain significant problems concerning the proper formalization, in
this context, of natural language statements, particularly those involving negative knowledge and common knowledge. A case
study is presented which brings these problems to the fore. None of the basic material presented here is new to this paper—all
has appeared in several papers over many years, by the present author and by others. Much of the development in the literature
is more general than here—we have confined things to the Boolean case for simplicity and clarity. Most proofs are omitted,
but several of the examples are new. The main virtue of the present paper is its coherent presentation of a systematic point
of view—identify the truth value of a formula with the set of those who say the formula is true. 相似文献
5.
Ansari A 《Science and engineering ethics》2001,7(1):105-115
Experience with a group of mechanical engineering seniors at the University of Colorado led to an informal experiment with
engineering students in India. An attempt was made to qualitatively gauge the students’ ability to appreciate a worldview
different from the standard engineering worldview—that of a mechanical universe. Qualitative differences between organic and
mechanical systems were used as a point of discussion. Both groups were found to exhibit distinct thought and behavior patterns
which provide important clues for sensitizing engineers to environmental issues in future educational initiatives. Cross-cultural
and global dimensions of these initiatives are discussed. 相似文献
6.
Irina Starikova 《Topoi》2010,29(1):41-51
This paper investigates the role of pictures in mathematics in the particular case of Cayley graphs—the graphic representations
of groups. I shall argue that their principal function in that theory—to provide insight into the abstract structure of groups—is
performed employing their visual aspect. I suggest that the application of a visual graph theory in the purely non-visual
theory of groups resulted in a new effective approach in which pictures have an essential role. Cayley graphs were initially
developed as exact mathematical constructions. Therefore, they are legitimate components of the theory (combinatorial and
geometric group theory) and the pictures of Cayley graphs are a part of practical mathematical procedures. 相似文献
7.
John A. Schuster 《Synthese》2012,185(3):467-499
One of the chief concerns of the young Descartes was with what he, and others, termed “physico-mathematics”. This signalled
a questioning of the Scholastic Aristotelian view of the mixed mathematical sciences as subordinate to natural philosophy,
non explanatory, and merely instrumental. Somehow, the mixed mathematical disciplines were now to become intimately related
to natural philosophical issues of matter and cause. That is, they were to become more ’physicalised’, more closely intertwined
with natural philosophising, regardless of which species of natural philosophy one advocated. A curious, short-lived yet portentous
epistemological conceit lay at the core of Descartes’ physico-mathematics—the belief that solid geometrical results in the
mixed mathematical sciences literally offered windows into the realm of natural philosophical causation—that in such cases
one could literally “see the causes”. Optics took pride of place within Descartes’ physico-mathematics project, because he
believed it offered unique possibilities for the successful vision of causes. This paper traces Descartes’ early physico-mathematical
program in optics, its origins, pitfalls and its successes, which were crucial in providing Descartes resources for his later
work in systematic natural philosophy. It explores how Descartes exploited his discovery of the law of refraction of light—an
achievement well within the bounds of traditional mixed mathematical optics—in order to derive—in the manner of physico-mathematics—causal
knowledge about light, and indeed insight about the principles of a “dynamics” that would provide the laws of corpuscular
motion and tendency to motion in his natural philosophical system. 相似文献
8.
This article draws on a major study of student volunteering based on case studies of six Higher Education Institutions (HEIs)
selected to represent the diversity of the higher education sector in England. The study finds that students contribute significantly
to university life and to the wider community through both formal and informal volunteering. However in this paper we consider
the challenges and problems with the organisation of student volunteering. Our research finds that students who were supported
by their university to volunteer reported better experiences of volunteering and identified greater impacts on their personal
development, soft skills, employability and community awareness. In this paper we challenge the tendency of some policy makers
and practitioners to view student volunteering as an automatic ‘win, win, win’—for students, for universities and for communities.
Rather we explore how without adequate support, management and opportunities for reflection and placing volunteering in wider
social context, student volunteering can fail to benefit any of these groups. The paper outlines the development of institutional
support for volunteering by students before assessing the value such support has for student volunteers today. 相似文献
9.
T. Allan Hillman 《Synthese》2008,163(2):245-261
While considerable ink has been spilt over the rejection of idealism by Bertrand Russell and G.E. Moore at the end of the
19th Century, relatively little attention has been directed at Russell’s A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz, a work written in the early stages of Russell’s philosophical struggles with the metaphysics of Bradley, Bosanquet, and
others. Though a sustained investigation of that work would be one of considerable scope, here I reconstruct and develop a
two-pronged argument from the Philosophy of Leibniz that Russell fancied—as late as 1907—to be the downfall of the traditional category of substance. Here, I suggest, one can
begin to see Russell’s own reasons—arguments largely independent of Moore—for the abandonment of idealism. Leibniz, no less
than Bradley, adhered to an antiquated variety of logic: what Russell refers to as the subject-predicate doctrine of logic.
Uniting this doctrine with a metaphysical principle of independence—that a substance is prior to and distinct from its properties—Russell
is able to demonstrate that neither a substance pluralism nor a substance monism can be consistently maintained. As a result,
Russell alleges that the metaphysics of both Leibniz and Bradley has been undermined as ultimately incoherent. Russell’s remedy
for this incoherence is the postulation of a bundle theory of substance, such that the category of “substance” reduces to
the most basic entities—properties. 相似文献
10.
Courses on ethics and technology have become compulsory for many students at the three Dutch technical universities during
the past few years. During this time, teachers have faced a number of didactic problems, which are partly due to a growing
number of students. In order to deal with these challenges, teachers in ethics at the three technical universities in the
Netherlands — in Delft, Eindhoven and Twente — have developed a web-based computer program called Agora (see www.ethicsandtechnology.com).
This program enables students to exercise their ethical understanding and skills extensively. The program makes it possible
for students to participate actively in moral reflection and reasoning, and to develop the moral competencies that are needed
in their later professional practice. The developers of the program have tried to avoid two traps. Firstly, they rejected,
from the outset, a cookbook style of dealing with ethical problems that applied ethics is often taken to be and, secondly,
they wanted to design a flexible program that respects the student’s as well as the teacher’s creativity, and that tries to
engage students in moral reflection. Agora meets these requirements. The program offers possibilities that extend beyond the
requirements that are usually accepted for case-exercises in applied ethics, and that have been realised in several other
computer models for teaching ethics. In this article, we describe the main considerations in the development of Agora and
the features of the resulting program. 相似文献
11.
ONE TRUE LOGIC? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gillian Russell 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2008,37(6):593-611
This is a paper about the constituents of arguments. It argues that several different kinds of truth-bearer may be taken to
compose arguments, but that none of the obvious candidates—sentences, propositions, sentence/truth-value pairs etc.—make sense
of logic as it is actually practiced. The paper goes on to argue that by answering the question in different ways, we can
generate different logics, thus ensuring a kind of logical pluralism that is different from that of J. C. Beall and Greg Restall. 相似文献
12.
Damian G. Stephen Rebecca A. Boncoddo James S. Magnuson James A. Dixon 《Memory & cognition》2009,37(8):1132-1149
In recent work in cognitive science, it has been proposed that cognition is a self-organizing, dynamical system. However,
capturing the real-time dynamics of cognition has been a formidable challenge. Furthermore, it has been unclear whether dynamics
could effectively address the emergence of abstract concepts (e.g., language, mathematics). Here, we provide evidence that
a quintessentially cognitive phenomenon—the spontaneous discovery of a mathematical relation—emerges through self-organization.
Participants solved a series of gear-system problems while we tracked their eye movements. They initially solved the problems
by manually simulating the forces of the gears but then spontaneously discovered a mathematical solution. We show that the
discovery of the mathematical relation was predicted by changes in entropy and changes in power-law behavior, two hallmarks
of phase transitions. Thus, the present study demonstrates the emergence of higher order cognitive phenomena through the nonlinear
dynamics of self-organization. 相似文献
13.
A paradox of self-reference in beliefs in games is identified, which yields a game-theoretic impossibility theorem akin to Russell’s Paradox. An informal version of the paradox is that the following configuration of beliefs is impossible:Ann believes that Bob assumes thatAnn believes that Bob’s assumption is wrongThis is formalized to show that any belief model of a certain kind must have a ‘hole.’ An interpretation of the result is that if the analyst’s tools are available to the players in a game, then there are statements that the players can think about but cannot assume. Connections are made to some questions in the foundations of game theory.Special Issue Ways of Worlds II. On Possible Worlds and Related Notions Edited by Vincent F. Hendricks and Stig Andur Pedersen 相似文献
14.
Ian Neath 《Behavior research methods》1999,31(1):74-80
Computer simulation models of memory—including the so-called global memory models—have had and continue to have a profound impact on current memory research and theory. Unfortunately, no memory textbooks published before 1998 present these models to students. The arguments for and against these types of models are summarized along with reasons why the models should be taught at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. A set of freely available computer programs that can facilitate classroom presentation is then briefly described. 相似文献
15.
Michelle Beer 《Philosophia》2010,38(2):265-269
The B-theory of time holds that McTaggart’s A-series of past, present, and future is reducible to the B-series of events running
from earlier to later. According to the date-theory—originally put forth by J.J.C. Smart and later endorsed by by D.H. Mellor—the
truth conditions of tensed or Asentence-tokens can be given in terms of tenseless or B-sentences and, therefore, A-sentence-tokens
do not ascribe any A-determinations of pastness, presentness, or futurity. However, as Nathan Oaklander has argued, the date-theory
does not provide an adequate analysis of the ontological truth conditions of irreducible A-propositions. I show that the co-reporting
theory—which holds that for every A-sentence-token there is a B-sentence that differs in sense but reports the same event
or state of affairs—escapes the objections Oaklander has addressed against the date-theory. 相似文献
16.
Bryan Renne 《Synthese》2008,165(2):225-245
Dynamic Epistemic Logic (DEL) is the study of how to reason about knowledge, belief, and communication. This paper studies
the relative expressivity of certain fragments of the DEL language for public and private communication. It is shown that
the language of public communication with common knowledge and the language of private communication with common knowledge
are expressively incomparable for the class of all pointed Kripke models, which provides a formal proof that public and private
communication are fundamentally different in the presence of common knowledge. It is also shown that single-recipient private
communication does not add expressive power to the language of modal logic with common knowledge for any class of transitive pointed Kripke models. The latter result provides a sense in which positive introspection—believing our own beliefs—induces
a kind of self-dialog. 相似文献
17.
Theories of epistemology make reference—via the perspective of an observer—to the structure of information transfer, which
generates reality, of which the observer himself forms a part. It can be shown that any epistemological approach which implies
the participation of tautological structural elements in the information transfer necessarily leads to an antinomy. Nevertheless,
since the time of Aristotle the paradigm of mathematics—and thus tautological structure—has always been a hidden ingredient
in the various concepts of knowledge acquisition or general theories of information transfer. We hold that Darwin’s Evolutionary
Theory is the first scientific theory which consistently presupposes a non-tautological structure for the information transfer
and, at the same time, keeps it strictly distinct from the tautological metric of scientific observation. The consequences
of this technique—namely the dissociation of information from intentionality—have not yet been fully drawn. 相似文献
18.
Moore PJ Gratzer W Lieber C Edelson V O'Leary J Terry SF 《Journal of genetic counseling》2012,21(1):127-135
The Community Centered Family Health History project was initiated to create accessible family health history tools produced
by and for the community. The project goal was to promote increased community engagement in health education by encouraging
conversations among family members that would translate knowledge of family health history into healthy lifestyle choices.
As one of seven community partners, Iona College participated in customizing and beta-testing the Does It Run in the Family? toolkit. Twenty-nine college students were engaged to recruit three relatives related by blood to provide feedback on the
utility of the toolkit. The toolkit consists of two booklets—“A Guide to Family Health History” and “A Guide to Understanding
Genetics and Health”—explaining the importance of knowing and talking about health within the family as well as basics about
how conditions are passed down through generations. Twenty-two of the twenty-nine students participated in focus groups to
discuss their reactions to participation in the project. Students in the focus group reported that the study participants—students
and their family members—found the toolkit to be user friendly and the experience a valuable one that prompted many to take
positive steps toward good health. 相似文献
19.
20.
Robert Liebler 《Journal of Academic Ethics》2008,6(3):259-269
In this paper I analyze representations of scholarly output for the purpose of identifying corrupt practices. Accordingly,
the components of output—price, quantity, and time—are examined. A key part of the analysis is recognizing the unique role
that the scholarly community plays in scholarship and the implications this has for the roles of groups other than the scholarly
community. Finally, a survey of students indicates that particular representations of scholarly output are viewed by students
as unethical. 相似文献