论焦循《孟子正义》的易学诠释

《孟子正义》是清代乾嘉学者焦循晚年的学术名著,自它公开出版以来,深受儒学特别是孟子研究者的重视和关注。本文则从易学的角度,考察、发掘焦循阐述《孟子》思想的易学内涵,认为孟子崇尚的所谓先王之道,是以易学中的通神变化之道,即“时”的观念作为其思想基础的,并藉此对孟子的经权思想作了易学的发挥,指出其具有调适和顺化先王之道的双重特征。焦循认为孟子的性善论也烙有易学"感而遂通之性'伪印痕,但在论证过程中,焦循却摒弃孟子的性善说,成为告子人性论的维护者。至于重塑孟子的理想人格,焦循终究未能翻出儒家在现世社会生活的背景下,以道德实践为根本内容来构建理想人格的旧轨。     

清代学者焦循独特的易学构架

本文考述了焦循的旁通、相错、时行三说,并在此基础之上提出了一系列看法：1．焦循以普遍联系和爻位运动的观点研究《周易》,把《周易》六十四卦视为具有内在联系的“生生不息”的动态系统,比之孤立、静止地研究《周易》一卦一爻,更有意义。2．焦循独特的易学构架是建立在客观分析的考据基础之上,不宜武断否定。3．焦循易学构架并非纯象数的研究,而是以象数为载体,阐发儒家的道德义理和自己“修齐治平”的政治理想。4．焦循以“声训”为媒介的两卦或数卦之间的关联是否《周易》本义值得讨论,其“声训”缺乏充分的文献旁证是一大缺憾。     

焦循易学方法论的哲学意义

文章认为焦循通过“旁通”、“当位失道”、“时行”、“八卦相错”、“比例”五图,编织了一套表现为象数形式的逻辑类比推理的思想构架。并将自己的道德理想尽数纳入构架之中。这样。焦循一方面确立了研究易学的方法论,另一方面也具有以“旁通”为主体的哲学意义。焦循易学的方法论,标志着清代中期易学的重要转向,它已迈出象数与义理诠释易学的旧轨。然而将易学的探求严格限定在各种法则的框架之内,因而也就混淆了易学的象数系统与义理系统的各自独立性。因此,易学的哲学意义也就被逻辑推理的工具价值所取代。     

"三陈九卦"章考释

《易传》以孔子的易学观为指导,吸取《论语》、《孟子》、《左传》、《国语》中的伦理道德观念及其言说方式,提出“三陈九卦”说,对履、谦、复等九卦反复加以论述,将孔子“观其德义”的思想具体化,要求人们提高道德境界,以此作为防止和解除忧患的依据,对儒家人文主义易学观的确立作出了重要贡献。     

董仲舒思想的易学底蕴

汉代儒家领军人物董仲舒的主要哲学著作《春秋繁露》蕴含着深厚的易学功底,其哲学基本上是《易经》的阴阳学说的引申,主要体现在:一、“阳尊阴卑”的阴阳观,二、感应论,三、“天地人”三才之道与法天及“与时偕行”的思想,四、“见微知著”的发展规律论,五、“神道设教”与灾异谴告说的内在联系。董子对于易学思想的继承与发扬更具有自觉与圆融的特点,从而使自身的思想与传统易学浑然一体。     

传统儒家道德义务思想研究

论文从五个方面对儒家关于道德义务思想进行了探讨：一、从词源上考察义务范畴的发展,指出义务在古代从“应当”至“规范”再至“职责”的内涵不断丰富或具体化的过程;二、对儒家关于道德义务在人伦关系中的对应性学说进行了细致的分析和考察;三、认为儒家的道德义务的宗旨在于道德人格上立论,即人格确立的标志是在动机上立志为善而行善,在责任心为人格的实质;四、揭示儒家道德义务一种心理机制的特点,即意志力不是以理性对情欲的绝对压制为前提,而是以知、情、欲的和谐运作、水乳交融为自由境界;五、认为儒家关于道德义务的形而上基础的特点在于“天”是一种内在的伦理必然性而非超自然的存在,命运只为作为伦理必然性而不是外在必然性的意义上被注意     

《四库全书总目》所建构的易学诠释边界

四库馆臣以儒学为指导思想,以经学为解释方式,将历代易学派别划分为“《易》之根本”与“《易》之一端”。费直、郑玄一脉的易学和儒理易及“参证史事”派,合于儒家经学的治《易》理路,被馆臣视为“《易》之根本”;孟、京之学入于禨祥,王弼易学“说以老庄”,易图学源于道教,心学易入于禅学,不合于儒家经学的解《易》方式,被馆臣视为“《易》之一端”。馆臣的这种区分及取向,目的在于使学者分清儒家经学视域中的易学诠释边界和解释方式,同时又能为各家各派的易学思想预留一定的诠释空间。但这种本末、主次的区分,不仅加深了儒释道三家之间的对立和冲突,而且使儒学内部的汉易与宋易之争走向了更为深入的分裂。     

论焦循易学

<正> 焦循是清代乾嘉时期的著名学者,他花费几十年的时间,写出《易学三书》。焦循的《易》学研究颇有自己的特色,为清代阮元、王引之等学者推崇,被誉为“石破天惊”之作,引起了当时学术界的震动。此后,皮锡瑞、章太炎也认为其书“独僻畦町”而“足以名其家”。焦循的《易》学究竟独特在哪里?前人往往语焉不详。本文旨在就焦循的《易》学体系和特色,作一些初浅的探讨。     

论焦循的易学与堪舆学

作为清代乾嘉之际扬州学派代表人物,作为著名易学家,焦循不仅以精研《周易》著称,而且以易学的理论,对传统堪舆学进行了认真的考辨和分析,语多精谛。特别是对明清两代广泛流行的堪舆之学,从学理上作了深入的批判,这在清代乾嘉之际的学术界,可谓空谷足音,对我们今天研究焦循的易学思想,其中不乏积极的学术启发意义。     

迁善改过在当下

《易·益》载曰：“君子以见善则迁,有过则改。”三国时魏国的王弼注解为：“迁善改过,益莫大焉。”宋代著名理学家朱熹在《白鹿洞书院揭示》中写道：“言忠信,行笃敬,惩忿窒欲,迁善改过,右修身之要。”从中可以看出,迁善改过的重要性。“迁”,即迁移、转变之意,即是说,要“见善则迁,知过则改”,唯此,才能“善莫大焉”。     

"Psychotherapy" versus "treatment"

Presents a comment on "Psychological treatments" by D. H. Barlow. Barlow proposed that we distinguish between the terms "treatment" and "psychotherapy." The author believes that not only is the distinction unnecessary, but that its implications could have negative consequences for the field of clinical psychology. It is the proposed distinguishing feature that treatments are "specifically tailored to the pathological process that is causing the impairment and distress" that is most problematic. Clinical psychology does not need a distinction that further exacerbates the split between researchers and practitioners.     

"Enmeshment" and "Fusion"

The paper examines two related concepts utilized by two different schools of family therapy. Any family seen to be "enmeshed" is also seen as "fused," and vice versa. The difference in the level of focus, on the "system containing the individuals" (structural) or the "individual in the system" (fusion), determines the difference in therapeutic approach of these two schools.     

"本体论"与"伦理学"--形而上学的两个向度

形而上学有两个密切相关的内在向度,就是本体论向度与伦理学向度.在哲学史上,哲学家们之所以在"追求形而上学"的同时,又总是"反形而上学",并非是人们的形上本性出了问题,而是因为人们总是将形而上学视为单纯的"一维性",总是用一个向度来取代或遮蔽另一个向度.而所谓的"后形而上学思想",也并不是消解了形而上学,而是指形而上学从"本体论向度"转向了"伦理学向度".     

“对的”与“好的”

什么是“对的”,和对它的证立,是道德哲学中具有争议性的核心问题,也是效用主义和道义论间的主要差异之所在。统合效用主义对于“好的就是对的”这个陈述有一套完整周延的说法。而道义论对这个问题的证立不够周延或没有足够的说服力。     

"Us" and "Them":

Abstract: In the Aristotelian tradition, politics is a matter of public deliberation over questions of justice and injustice. The Bush administration's response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, has been uniformly hostile to this notion, and it has instead promoted a jingoistic politics of self‐assertion by an America largely identified with the executive branch of its government. This is doubly disturbing, as the executive branch has sought to free itself from international law, multinational commitments, and domestic judicial regulation, even as it has sought to validate itself by demonizing its enemies. This essay draws out the disturbing echoes here of Carl Schmitt's work of the 1920s, in particular of Schmitt's conception of the sovereign as the ungrounded ground of the law and the political as the site of mortal conflict between friend and enemy. The essay argues that Schmitt's position in the twenties, for all of its evident problems, is superior to that of Bush, Wolfowitz, and Ashcroft in at least two senses: Schmitt condemns the idea of waging war for profit and recognizes that such wars will often be disguised as moral crusades waged against the “inhuman”; and he acknowledges that claiming to fight a war for humanity denies one's enemies their humanity, leaving them open to torture and even extermination.     

PREFERRING "HOUSEWIVES" TO "FEMINISTS"

Four studies are described outlining the favorability of attitudes toward women. In Study 1, participants indicated their attitudes toward women and men and their construal of the term "women". The results revealed that women were evaluated more favorably than men, but that male right-wing authoritarians (RWAs) who construed women as referring primarily to feminists were least favorable in their attitudes. In Study 2, participants indicated their attitudes toward both "housewives" and "feminists". The results revealed that feminists were evaluated less favorably than housewives, and that the most negative attitudes toward feminists were expressed by authoritarian men. Study 3 revealed that high-RWA males held more negative symbolic beliefs concerning feminists (i.e., beliefs that feminists failed to promote participants'values) and that these beliefs accounted for variation in attitudes among high RWAs and much of the RWA-attitude relation. Finally, Study 4 revealed that high RWAs perceived greater value dissimilarity between them-selves and feminists. The implications of the findings for future research are discussed.     

从"管制"到"平衡"--政府与公众理想关系模式的构建及其制度化

论文从行政民主的角度探讨政府与公众之间的理想关系模式及其制度化构建过程 ,将我国在改革之前的政府与公众模式概括为管制模式。论文指出 ,在制度变迁的过程中 ,这一模式日益受到挑战。而在新的制度环境下 ,我国政府与公众的关系模式应该是平衡模式。这一模式的制度化措施包括培育自主的市民社会 ,赋予公众以独立的活动空间 ;促进行政公开 ,建立一个开放负责的政府 ;推进行政法建设 ,抑制行政恣意     

"石狮"、"风水"与"吉祥"

谁都知道,在古老的中国,不管是衙门、宫殿、庙宇的门前,还是豪宅、大户人家的门口,人们都能看到摆着一对石狮。据说,这对石狮子在许多中国人的心目中,它不但是一种气派的象征,而且还是一种被人认为是好的“吉祥物”。如今,旧时的衙门没有了,但遗留下来的宫殿、庙宇的门前,其中有些石狮仍有保存。然而,想像不到的是,这号称“吉祥物”的石狮今天却开始“走”进某些党政机关的大门口,它们(石狮)在那里时时都在保护着这些政府要员“平平安安”、“吉祥如意”。这不仅使我联想起一些极端的报道,有些政府官员为升迁,请算命先生定位,用风水术为政府…     

The "Natural" and the "Formal"

The paper presents an argument against a metaphysical conception of logic according to which logic spells out a specific kind of mathematical structure that is somehow inherently related to our factual reasoning. In contrast, it is argued that it is always an empirical question as to whether a given mathematical structure really does captures a principle of reasoning. (More generally, it is argued that it is not meaningful to replace an empirical investigation of a thing by an investigation of its a priori analyzable structure without paying due attention to the question of whether it really is the structure of the thing in question.) It is proposed to elucidate the situation by distinguishing two essentially different realms with which our reason must deal: the realm of the natural, constituted by the things of our empirical world, and the realm of the formal, constituted by the structures that we use as prisms to view, to make sense of, and to reconstruct the world. It is suggested that this vantage point may throw light on many foundational problems of logic.