THE IMPACT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING ON EDUCATIONAL AND PERSONNEL SELECTION IN AFRICA

Psychological testing for Education and Personnel selection is of great importance in the efforts by many African countries to ensure that suitable candidates are selected for education beyond the primary school level and for training for different employment. Major investigations directed to this need have been in the area of adapting tests already available in Western countries and determining the reliability and predictive validity of battery of tests so adapted and their tryout in African schools to determine their efficiency as tools for selection.     

假设检验思维策略的发展研究

运用自编的一个关于规则发现的计算机程序,研究了小学生、中学生和大学生解决问题过程中的形成假设、设计实验、实验检验三个阶段上的“假设－检验”思维策略。结果发现,小学生的假设检验能力比较低,中学生的水平有了明显的发展,中小学阶段是培养儿童科学发现的假设检验能力的关键期。     

服务质量的研究综述

服务日渐成为企业关键的竞争要素之一,越来越多的企业在市场竞争中开始以消费者为中心,重视服务质量,以期在激烈的市场竞争中获胜。文章概括了服务的概念及特性、服务质量的概念、服务质量要素的研究状况和服务质量接受区间的应用,并简要说明了文化对服务质量要素的影响。     

中介效应检验程序及其应用

讨论了中介变量以及相关概念、中介效应的估计；比较了检验中介效应的主要方法；提出了一个检验程序，它包含了依次检验和Sobel检验。该程序检验的第一类和第二类错误率之和通常比单一检验方法小，既可以做部分中介检验，也可以做完全中介检验。作为示范例子，引入中介变量研究学生行为对同伴关系的影响。     

条件推理中的命题语义加工

本研究运用五种不同情境内容的大前提和四种不同逻辑形式的小前提,组成２０种条件推理题,对１２７名大学生进行了测试,力图研究不同命题内容对不同形式的逻辑推理的影响,并进而探讨人们在条件推理中对前提进行语义加工的机制．本文提出了前提语义加工的“问题空间“的解释．     

USE OF THE GATB IN PREDICTING SUCCESS ON THE TESTS OF GENERAL EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

An attempt was made to determine how useful the General Aptitude Test Battery can be when used as a predictor of success on the Tests of General Educational Development. The General Ability and Verbal Aptitude subtests of the GATB were found to be the best predictors. Estimating the applicant's chance of passing the GED from the ‘G’ and ‘V’ scores was discussed.     

THE EFFECTS OF OBSERVER PRESENCE ON THE ACTIVITY LEVEL OF FAMILIES1

In the present study, the possibility that the act of observing behavior may result in changes in those behaviors was investigated. An investigation of reactivity is important to the validity of research findings because the result obtained when observers are present may not generalize to situations when observers are absent. The effects of observer presence were assessed with five families, each consisting of a mother and two children, in a laboratory setting designed to resemble a typical family living room, containing a table, couch, chairs, toys, books, and a bathroom and kitchen area. The families were each exposed to a sequence of four 30-minute conditions during which an observer was alternatively physically present or absent from the room. From behind an unobtrusive one-way mirror, family members' locations were recorded every 15 seconds on gridded floor-plan diagrams drawn to the scale of the room. After all data were collected, lines were drawn for each family member connecting the numbers sequentially and a map-reading device was then used to measure the distance covered during each minute of observation. The presence of observers markedly reduced the activity level of all families, with the average reduction approximating 50%. However, more extended observations in natural family settings may reveal that families habituate to observer presence in a relatively short period of time. If so, the solution to the reactivity problem would involve extending the observation sessions. However, if families do not habituate, new forms of data collection might be required to guarantee the validity and generalizability of data collected by obtrusive observers.     

ON TESTING THE COMMONALITY OF CONSTRUCTS IN SUPPLIED GRIDS

The repertory grid technique has long been the empirical tool of choice for research based on personal construct theory (Kelly, 1955). In some situations, respondents are asked to evaluate a set of elements with respect to a fixed or supplied repertoire of constructs, and an assumption is made that respondents will employ these constructs similarly. This situation is thus equivalent to the semantic differential technique. In the repertory grid context it is justified through the commonality of construing corollary of personal construct theory. This is an assumption that can be tested, although it seems to have attracted little attention in the past. Here a criterion for commonality of a construct is proposed, namely that of the data conforming to a unidimensional scaling model, and a simple method of testing this is illustrated.     

TESTING THE LIMITS OF LIBERALISM: A REVERSE CONJECTURE

In this paper, I propose to look closely at certain crucial aspects of the logic of Rawls' argument in Political Liberalism and related subsequent writings. Rawls' argument builds on the notion of comprehensiveness, whereby a doctrine encompasses the full spectrum of the life of its adherents. In order to show the mutual conflict and irreconcilability of comprehensive doctrines, Rawls needs to emphasise the comprehensiveness of doctrines, as their irreconcilability to a large extent emanates from that comprehensiveness. On the other hand, in order to show the possibility and plausibility of the political liberal solution he needs to emphasise that most of these doctrines are reasonable: i.e., they are willing to cede a portion of their authority to political liberalism for the right reasons. Yet, if they are willing to cede a portion of their authority to a political conception they cannot be as comprehensive as we initially thought they were. All these elements highlight the tension in the argument itself. I suggest that many of these tensions can be removed by making Rawls' account more flexible. In this context I propose certain amendments to Rawls' account, which may overcome some of the tensions mentioned above.     

检验能力对统计显著性检验的影响

利用计算机构造被试总体、模拟实验研究程序进行抽样研究,探讨抽样样本总体达到t检验显著性的数目与统计检验能力之间的一致性。模拟实验结果表明,统计检验能力与样本总体t检验显著性的数目具有很高的一致性,但两者同时受到显著性水平α、样本客量n和总体效果大小δ的影响,从而有可能影响统计推断的可靠性。因此,在进行显著性检验过程中,应对统计检验能力进行估计,这将有利于心理学研究成果的积累。     

MONITORING CONSCIOUS RECOLLECTION VIA THE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF THE BRAIN

Abstract— Although another person's experience of recollection cannot be observed directly, we have found that the underlying operations can be monitored using noninvasive electrophysiological techniques. Results from two experiments showed that brain potentials elicited 500 to 900 ms after the onset of visually presented words vary systematically in amplitude with manipulations that influence the extent to which subjects engage in recollective processing. These brain potentials can thus be construed as correlates of the subjective experience of recollection     

语言指示对动作效果的影响

問題 有人认为,用语言提示动作任务可以提高动作效果,语言提示的任务不同,其效果也不同。在我们的运动实践中,看到不完全相同的结果,运动员对待运动活动的态度也是影响运动效果的原因。在运动活动中,他人的语言指示对运动效果究竟有何影响?在提高运动动作效果中它是否起主导作用?这是本文要探讨的问题。