材料的呈现方式对大学生分类活动影响的研究

以60名视力、智力均正常的大学生为被试,采用维度特征互不相同的三套图片材料和三种材料呈现方式,以被试分类的结果和解释的理由为依据,用一维特征分类、整体相似性分类、两阶段策略分类和其他分类等作为因变量指标,采用不完全被试内设计进行实验。用SPSS 8．0 for windows对实验结果进行处理。结果：在A方式下,被试倾向于按材料的一维特征分类;在B方式下,被试倾向于按材料的整体相似性分类;在C方式下,被试倾向于按两阶段策略分类。     

数目和呈现方式对时距估计的影响

采用口头估计的方法,考察刺激的数目和呈现方式对时距估计的影响。以时距估计的平均值、准确性和变异性为指标,结果表明：（1）数目多少影响时距估计的平均值和准确性,数目少引起低估,数目多导致高估,数目多少与时距长度一致时,准确性高。（2）呈现方式影响时距估计的变异性,同时呈现时变异性最大;（3）数目和呈现方式的交互作用显著,固定频率和变化频率呈现时,数目影响时距估计。（4）随着时距的增加,时距估计的平均值由高估向低估,准确性由低向高发展。这表明时距和数目在心理表征上存在连接,数目和呈现方式在不同的时间范围内影响     

特征的呈现方式对类别学习中规则和相似性知识获得的影响

采用原型变异任务,通过操纵规则和相似性特征的呈现通道,探讨特征的呈现方式对类别学习中规则和相似性知识获得的影响。结果发现,在听觉-视觉条件下习得规则的人数显著多于习得相似性的人数,而在视觉-听觉和视觉-视觉条件下则不存在显著差异;并且,三种条件下习得规则的正确率都高于习得相似性的正确率。这说明特征的呈现方式影响对规则和相似性特征的习得,在听觉通道呈现规则时被试更倾向基于规则分类。     

刺激材料的整体性知觉对类别建构的影响

采用标准－匹配的实验程序,操纵刺激材料的空间整合性和知觉的整体性水平,探讨逐个呈现刺激材料时影响被试类别建构策略的根本原因。报告了3个实验,结果证明：逐个呈现并不一定会导致被试倾向于家族相似性归类;刺激材料的空间整合性不一定会影响被试的类别建构策略,空间整合和空间分离都可能出现家族相似性和单维归类倾向;刺激材料的整体性知觉水平对类别建构影响明显：知觉为分离则倾向于家族相似性分类;知觉为整体则倾向于单维分类。被试在实验可能采用分析性策略,然而材料的整体性知觉影响了分析的侧重点,从而对类别建构产生了非常重要的影响     

听觉经验缺失对时距估计影响的实验研究

采用复制法,通过聋人与听力正常人时距估计的对比实验研究,结果发现听觉经验缺失对时距估计有一定的影响：（1）两类被试在2000ms和10000ms的时距估计中,再现时距的平均数表现出了显著性差异。听力正常被试倾向于低估时距,聋人被试倾向于高估时距。（2）聋人被试不同时距再现相对误差率之间不存在显著性差异;听力正常被试时距再现相对错误率在2000ms与10000ms、30000ms存在显著差异,10000ms和30000ms之间差异不显著。     

4～6岁幼儿相似性判断与类别判断的知识效应

采用类别知识的分类学习模式,选取72名4-6岁幼儿作为被试,对相似性判断和类别判断的知识效应进行实验研究。结果表明：（1）相似性判断和类别判断存在知识效应。（2）相似性判断的知识效应存在显著的年龄差异,类别判断的知识效应不存在显著的年龄差异;5岁是知识学习对幼儿相似性判断产生影响的关键时期。（3）相似性判断知识效应的性别差异不显著,类别判断知识效应的性别差异极其显著,男孩更倾向于依据学习概念所强调的属性进行类别判断。     

认知风格对不同类型几何问题解决的影响

通过镶嵌图形测验（EFT）,在初中学生中选了不同认知风格的被试,限时考查被试对不同类型几何问题的解决。结果表明：新问题与所学内容相似性会影响中学生几何问题解决的成绩;认知风格不同类型在几何问题解决中存在显著差异,在与所学内容相似性高的新问题解决中,场依存性学生的成绩显著地高于场独立性的学生。     

儿童依“相似性”分类能力的发展及影响分类结果因素的实验研究

以4-9岁儿童为被试,用6张主要是相同事物的多少有差异的刺激图片为实验材料,采用全部呈现刺激图片和逐——呈现刺激图片,并且利用有无目标图的方法,来探讨儿童依“相似性”分类能力的发展及影响分类结果的因素。结果表明:(1)随着年龄的增长,儿童依“相似性”分类的能力在提高。(2)按目标图分类方式的分类结果显著好于自由分类方式的分类结果。(3)逐一呈现刺激方式的分类成绩显著好于全部呈现刺激方式的分类成绩。     

学习方式对关系类别间接性学习的影响

以96名大学生为被试,以4特征虚拟外星生物为实验材料,通过类别的间接性学习,探讨学习方式对关系类别间接性学习的影响,结果发现：类别的间接性学习条件下,限定分类任务中,被试更倾向于选择关系作为类标准;参照条件下被试限定分类结果与标准的关系类别的分类结果的杰卡德相似性显著高于个人条件;被试分类结果的简单关系类别的杰卡德相似性显著高于复杂关系类别的杰卡德相似性,4特征关系类别的间接性学习中存在单一性效应。     

不同表面特征图片对内隐记忆和外显记忆的影响

该研究选取30名被试,采用任务分离实验研究范式探讨不同表面特征图片对内隐记忆和外显记忆的影响。以32张动物图片为实验材料,其中鱼类和鸟类图片各半。两类图片中一半为黑白图片,另一半为彩色图片,所有实验材料用E—Prime软件呈现在电脑上。结果表明：（1）不同表面特征图片的再认成绩（外显记忆）显著好于偏好再认成绩（内隐记忆）,即外显记忆成绩好于内隐记忆;（2）在再认测验和偏好判断测验中,再认成绩和偏好再认成绩在图片表面特征的两个水平上存在显著差异;（3）控制组的偏好再认成绩显著好于实验组的偏好再认成绩,即控制组的内隐记忆好于实验组。结论：刺激材料的表面特征既是外显记忆的内容,也是影响外显记忆的重要因素;内隐记忆的作业成绩高度依赖于刺激材料的表面特征,刺激材料的表面特征是影响两种记忆的重要因素。     

部件、结构和名称对图形相似性判断的影响

以不同基本形状构成的几何图形为材料,研究了图形的部件形状、整体结构和名称对相似判断的影响。结论为:1)部件形状、整体结构和名称对相似判断估计值均有非常显著影响,且部件形状和整体结构的交互作用也非常显著;2)部件形状、整体结构和名称对相似判断反应时没有显著的影响,但部件形状和整体结构、整体结构和名称两组交互作用均非常显著;3)部件形状和整体结构相同对相似判断估计值的影响更大;名称和部件形状、名称和整体结构相同的条件居次;只有一个因素相同时,部件形状相同影响最大,其次是整体结构和名称。     

Predicting similarity and categorization from identification.

In this article, the relation between the identification, similarity judgment, and categorization of multidimensional perceptual stimuli is studied. The theoretical analysis focused on general recognition theory (GRT), which is a multidimensional generalization of signal detection theory. In one application, 2 Ss first identified a set of confusable stimuli and then made judgments of their pairwise similarity. The second application was to Nosofsky's (1985b, 1986) identification-categorization experiment. In both applications, a GRT model accounted for the identification data better than Luce's (1963) biased-choice model. The identification results were then used to predict performance in the similarity judgment and categorization conditions. The GRT identification model accurately predicted the similarity judgments under the assumption that Ss allocated attention to the 2 stimulus dimensions differently in the 2 tasks. The categorization data were predicted successfully without appealing to the notion of selective attention. Instead, a simpler GRT model that emphasized the different decision rules used in identification and categorization was adequate.     

Induction and categorization in young children: a similarity-based model

The authors present a similarity-based model of induction and categorization in young children (SINC). The model suggests that (a). linguistic labels contribute to the perceived similarity of compared entities and (b). categorization and induction are a function of similarity computed over perceptual information and linguistic labels. The model also predicts young children's similarity judgment, induction, and categorization performance under different stimuli and task conditions. Predictions of the model were tested and confirmed in 6 experiments, in which 4- to 5-year-olds performed similarity judgment, induction, and categorization tasks using artificial and real labels (Experiments 1-4) and recognition memory tasks (Experiments 5A and 5B). Results corroborate the similarity-based account of young children's induction and categorization, and they support both qualitative and quantitative predictions of the model.     

直觉和分析在不同信息获取与呈现方式下对多特征目标判断质量的影响

采用多特征目标判断任务,考察了不同信息获取方式与信息呈现方式条件下,直觉和分析思维模式对判断质量的影响。结果发现：（1）在多特征目标判断任务中,直觉思维比分析思维更有效;（2）直觉型决策者运用直觉思维的判断质量比感觉型决策者更高;（3）归类组块的信息呈现方式能够有效提升决策者运用直觉思维的判断质量;（4）思维模式、信息获取方式与信息呈现方式对多特征目标的判断质量存在三阶交互作用,归类组块的信息呈现方式使直觉型决策者运用直觉思维的判断质量最高,而运用分析思维的判断质量低于感觉型决策者;归类组块排列信息时,直觉型决策者运用分析思维的判断质量低于信息随机排列时的水平。     

Influence of aesthetic perception on visual event-related potentials

The aim of the study was to assess the effects of visual aesthetic perception on event-related potentials (ERPs). Eight subjects assigned an aesthetic judgment (beautiful, neutral, or ugly) and a 10-step beauty estimation to the target stimuli, consisting of famous artistic pictures and geometric shapes. In a further task, the subjects performed a motor response to the previously judged pictures and geometric shapes. ERPs were recorded through 54 scalp electrodes during both tasks. The P3b amplitude was increased during the categorization of the geometric shapes compared to the artistic figures and during the vision of the beautiful targets preceding the motor response. The categorization of the aesthetic qualities of geometrical shapes seems to induce a higher level of attention, while a higher arousal variation was elicited by the recognition of beauty, in any form that was presented.     

When any Worx looks typical to you: Global relative to local processing increases prototypicality and liking

Two studies examine novelty categorization theory's (Förster, Marguc & Gillebaart, 2010) assumption that global compared to local processing styles enhance typicality judgments of atypical objects and thereby enhance liking. We used an artificial category of figures for an alleged computer game including a prototype and three exemplars that varied with respect to similarity with it. Results show that when primed with a global processing style, participants find atypical objects more typical, like them better and process them faster than participants under a local processing style. Mediation analyses show that typicality mediates the effects of processing styles on liking, and that ease of categorization mediates the effect of processing styles on prototypicality. Mood, measured via self report did not influence effects. The studies reflect the fact that judged typicality and its effects are context dependent.     

The activation of alternative response candidates: When do doubts kick in?

In the current study, we investigated at which moment during visual object categorization alternative interpretations are most strongly activated. According to an early activation account, we are uncertain about how to interpret the visual information early in the categorization process. This uncertainty will vanish over time and therefore, the number of possible response candidates decreases over time. According to a late activation account, the visual information is categorized quickly, but after extensive viewing alternative interpretations become more strongly activated. Therefore, the number of possible response candidates increases over time. To increase perceptual uncertainty we used morphed figures composed of a dominant and nondominant object. The similarity rating between morphed figures and their nondominant object was taken as indicator for the activation of the nondominant response candidate: high similarity indicates that the nondominant object is relatively strongly activated as an alternative response candidate. Presentation times were varied in order to distinguish between the early and late activation account. Using a Bayesian model selection approach, we found support for the late activation account, but not for the early activation account. It thus seems that in a late stage of the categorization process the influence of the nondominant response candidate is strongest.     

Relative contribution of perception/cognition and language on spatial categorization

This study investigated the relative contribution of perception/cognition and language-specific semantics in nonverbal categorization of spatial relations. English and Korean speakers completed a video-based similarity judgment task involving containment, support, tight fit, and loose fit. Both perception/cognition and language served as resources for categorization, and allocation between the two depended on the target relation and the features contrasted in the choices. Whereas perceptual/cognitive salience for containment and tight-fit features guided categorization in many contexts, language-specific semantics influenced categorization where the two features competed for similarity judgment and when the target relation was tight support, a domain where spatial relations are perceptually diverse. In the latter contexts, each group categorized more in line with semantics of their language, that is, containment/support for English and tight/loose fit for Korean. We conclude that language guides spatial categorization when perception/cognition alone is not sufficient. In this way, language is an integral part of our cognitive domain of space.     

时间压力和相似性对类比推理直觉加工的影响

通过两个实验探讨了时间压力对类比推理的直觉加工的影响。实验1采用三因素混合实验设计,以48名大学生为被试,在不同时间压力条件下对不同相似性言语类比推理题进行喜好度判断和类比推理逻辑判断。实验2是在实验1的基础上用图形类比推理题代替语义类比推理题,以56名大学生为被试。结果发现:(1)时间压力下,对跨领域言语类比推理的直觉加工效应显著高于逻辑加工效应;(2)时间压力下,低难度图形类比推理题的直觉加工效应显著高于逻辑加工效应。无时间压力条件下,图形类比推理的逻辑加工效应优势明显;(3)时间压力对类比推理的直觉加工和逻辑加工均有影响