从放心体仁到戒慎涵养--明儒颜钧的体仁工夫论探析之一

颜钧(1504-1596),号山农,明代后期泰州学派思想家,也是同时期儒学民间化运动①的重要代表人物.他发展了王艮的"大成仁学",形成一套以仁为核心、以神为特征、以实践为旨归的"大中哲学"②思想.在泰州后学中,颜钧尤以独特的体仁工夫论及实践著称于世.即以工夫论而言,他将孔子"从心所欲不逾矩"说化为大中哲学的"体仁之方",但在具体进路上,又将之分作两个层次:"从心所欲"与"不逾矩".前者表现为提出"制欲非体仁"、"体仁之妙即在放心"以及"从心、从性、从情"等思想,主张疏导和顺任心性自然流行,此即所谓"放心体仁"说;"不逾矩"即是"知及仁守,庄莅动礼",意在顺任、放逸之后及时纠偏补正,诉诸知性见闻,并以道德规范约束自己,这是儒学中一贯的"戒慎涵养"工夫.但是从"放心体仁"到"戒慎涵养"的工夫路径,其中所呈现出的阶段性割裂了工夫的连续性和整体性,并且也与他所追求的一体圆融大异其趣.本文试就此问题作一探讨.     

简论张积中“圣功”心性思想的意涵

太谷学派的学术思想及心性涵养工夫统称为"圣功"。作为学派北宗的领袖,张积中的"天道观"、"性体论"、"情欲说",乃至其修养方法等,都是立足于儒学立场,在周太谷相关思想的基础上与佛、道二教相融通的产物。张氏提出的"性无善恶"、"分道曰情"、"以性制情"、"以情通性"等观点,不但推动了太谷学派的心性思想由"天命本体"向"心性本体"的转变,而且为"圣功"增添了新的元素:相对于南宗突出"心息相依",北宗的修养工夫更加强调以"上达之情"来涵养性体,并把合理化地抒发欲望视作其"圣功"修养的基础。张积中是学派北宗"本体论"、"工夫论"建构的关键人物。北宗覆灭后,太谷学派"南、北合宗",张氏的思想仍深刻地影响着太谷学派的学理发展方向。     

明儒邹德涵简论

邹德涵乃阳明弟子邹守益之孙,江右王学后期重要人物之一,然目前学界对其理学思想几无研究。通过对其生平、学思历程和主要思想的总体考察,可知其学是在邹氏家学的熏陶和泰州学派师友的夹持下,以自己的体悟而成,所谓"以悟(即悟本体)为宗"也。总体上他由邹氏家学走向了泰州学派,反映了江右王学在晚明受泰州学风的影响,但在具体的工夫上,仍保留了不少家风。邹德涵融合二者形成了自家独特的风格:一方面强调良知现成说,一方面又重视工夫之紧切,从而克服了泰州学派后期出现的轻工夫、情识而荡之弊。     

白玉蟾的三教合一思想及其宗教调适性

白玉蟾三教合一思想是唐宋以来三教合一思想在道教金丹派南宗创教史上的突出表现,其主要内容是三教"异门"而"同源",以"诚"说孔,以"定"说释,以"静"说老,以"止止之妙"概括三教的中心所在.其思想表现为对宋代道学、佛教的吸收和融摄以构建自己的道教理论,其实质则是"以道教内丹为中心",以较高素质的宗教调适性求得道教的发展.     

儒释道三教合一与僧伽崇拜图像

东周时百家争鸣,学派纷呈。诸子百家与东汉时传入的佛教,都是各有主张和观点的学派。尽管学派林立,形成"三教九流",但归根结底,还是"三教一体,九流一源,百家一理,万法一门"。至唐,在"皇帝万岁"之下,儒释道三教合一,殊途同归。唐时何国人僧伽—泗州大圣的到来,正好适应三教合一的发展趋势。故中国从唐、五代到两宋,在宗教崇拜上是儒释道三教合一的时代,僧伽崇拜正体现了三教合一的特色。至于九流,时至有清,则由学派演绎成大相径庭的人间万相的"上九流"、"中九流"和"下九流"。     

明儒罗近溪的乡约思想与实践

<正>罗汝芳是明代泰州学派的一个重要代表人物。他以"赤子之心"和"孝弟慈"为旨归的学术思想和"以讲会乡约治郡"的伦理政治实践,在一定程度上纠正了阳明后学尤其是泰州学派中或流荡虚无而近禅、或"不复为名教所羁络"的狂侠倾向,促其回归平实和正统。罗汝芳这一归宗阳明学正统、以"圣谕六条"化俗治乡的学行取向,也体现在他有关乡约的思想和实践中。自北宋蓝田吕氏兄弟倡行"乡约"以来,以礼教化俗乡间、参与基层社会治理,就成为宋元时代儒家     

司马承祯《坐忘论》身心关系研究

司马承祯"坐忘"论在借鉴佛教工夫方法的基础上,系统梳理道教典籍的思想资源对《庄子》进行宗教化改造,最终形成了可与"宴坐"相对抗的道教修养工夫。论文对比分析了司马承祯、郭象、崔譔、成玄英"坐忘"说,论述司马承祯从"安坐"到"端坐"的身体姿态变化中内涵的学道阶次。论文还分析了司马承祯在言说身心问题时使用的两个话语体系,阐述司马承祯通过对形神关系和身心关系的融合,将庄子中对身心的否定意诠释为积极的身心贯通的工夫进路。此外,论文还讨论了程颐以"坐驰"释司马"坐忘"说存在的问题,并以此反思司马承祯在身心问题上的不足。     

试论罗汝芳对《论语》的易学解读

作为泰州学派的传人,罗汝芳在《论语》诠释过程中,在本体论和工夫论两个层面展开了对《论语》经文的重新释读,他以《易》之"生生"释"仁",以《易》之"生生之理"释"学而时习之",以《易》之"复""生"释"克己复礼",将被誉为群经之首的《易经》和以孔子言行为载体的《论语》贯通起来,这在无论是在"论语学史"上还是在思想史上都是有其重要意义的。     

明儒罗近溪的乡约思想与实践

罗汝芳是明代泰州学派的一个重要代表人物。他以“赤子之心”和“孝悌慈”为旨归的学术思想和“以讲会乡约治郡”的伦理政治实践,在一定程度上纠正了阳明后学尤其是泰州学派中或流荡虚无而近禅、或“不复为名教所羁络”的狂侠倾向,促其回归平实和正统。罗汝芳这一归宗阳明学正统、以“圣谕六条”化俗治乡的学行取向,也体现在他有关乡约的思想和实践中。     

罗近溪著作关联之初厘定

<正>作为泰州学派的中坚,罗汝芳(以下简称"近溪")在中晚明尝掀起很大波澜。究其缘由,则牵涉其生平经历、学术宗旨与思想流衍。而欲对此展开讨论,实须借助于近溪之著作。四库馆臣言:"其(汝芳)学出于颜钧,承姚江之末流而极于泛滥,故其说放誔自如,敢为高论,著述最易,成编者多至四五十种,即其集亦非一刻。……"~(1)道出了近溪著作之实况。是故,对近溪著作之关联进行探析,实有     

Omnipotence in the transference and in the countertransference

The concept of omnipotence refers to a primitive fantasy, a mechanism of defense, and a pathological psychic structure. Omnipotence and its derivative defensive operation, omnipotent control, are highly prevalent in borderline personality organization. Three clinical vignettes illustrate these mechanisms in the treatment of patients with borderline, narcissistic, and obsessive personality disorders, respectively. These vignettes illustrate the transference developments when omnipotence and omnipotence control are dominant, and the therapeutic approach to these conditions.     

The patient in the family and the family in the patient

The notion that the family is “the unit of care” for family doctors has been enigmatic and controversial. Yet systems theory and the biopsychosocial model that results when it is imported into medicine make the family system an indispensable and important component of family medicine. The challenge, therefore, is to provide a coherent, plausible account of the role of the family in family practice. Through an extended case presentation and commentary, we elaborate two views of the family in family medicine — treating the patient in the family and treating the family in the patient — and defend both as appropriate foci for care by family doctors. The practical problem that arises when the family is introduced into health care is deciding when to concentrate on the family system. The moral problems that arise concern how extensively doctors may become involved in the personal lives of their patients and families. The patient-centered clinical method provides a strategy for handling both problems. Thus, making the family a focus of care in family medicine can be justified on theoretical, practical, and moral grounds.     

Information in the Universe and in the Organism

There is a branch of modern medicine that relies on information rather than on biochemical substances to maintain health and cure disease. Known as information medicine, it offers an important complement to the dominant biochemical approach of mainstream medicine. This note offers a few reflections on the potentials of information medicine in reference to what is currently known regarding the role of information in the universe, and in the living organism.     

Disequilibrium in the mind, disharmony in the body

Although it is generally acknowledged that experiences of frustration, confusion, and anxiety are embodied phenomena, very little is known about how these processes modulate presumably unconscious, but constantly present, subtle bodily movement. We addressed this problem by tracking the low-level dynamics of body movement, using 1/f noise, pink noise, or "fractal scaling", during naturalistic experiences of affect in two studies involving deep learning and effortful problem-solving. Our results indicate that body movement fluctuations of individuals experiencing cognitive equilibrium was characteristic of correlated pink noise, but there was a whitening of the signal when participants experienced states that are diagnostic of cognitive distress such as anxiety, confusion, and frustration. We orient our findings within theories that emphasise the embodied nature of cognition and affect and with perspectives that view affective and cognitive processes as emergent products of a self-organising dynamical system (the brain) that is inextricably coupled to the body.     

Disequilibrium in the mind,disharmony in the body

Although it is generally acknowledged that experiences of frustration, confusion, and anxiety are embodied phenomena, very little is known about how these processes modulate presumably unconscious, but constantly present, subtle bodily movement. We addressed this problem by tracking the low-level dynamics of body movement, using 1/f noise, pink noise, or “fractal scaling”, during naturalistic experiences of affect in two studies involving deep learning and effortful problem-solving. Our results indicate that body movement fluctuations of individuals experiencing cognitive equilibrium was characteristic of correlated pink noise, but there was a whitening of the signal when participants experienced states that are diagnostic of cognitive distress such as anxiety, confusion, and frustration. We orient our findings within theories that emphasise the embodied nature of cognition and affect and with perspectives that view affective and cognitive processes as emergent products of a self-organising dynamical system (the brain) that is inextricably coupled to the body.     

明代伏牛山佛教派系考

历史上对伏牛山地区的佛教记载较散,资料较详的是在明代。当时来山修行的僧人很多,但是到现在为止还没有人对伏牛山的佛教进行过研究,笔者根据掌握的禅宗史料提出这时伏牛山佛教已经有了明显的禅宗派系特征,在这里传教修行的僧人,主要是元代禅宗断桥伦一支的浙江天目山高峰原妙及其弟子中峰明本一系,其中受四川禅宗无际明悟禅师一派的影响很大,早期来山的僧人大多数都是无际明悟的弟子与后人,可以说成立了无际伏牛山禅派一系。     

孕育中的旅游伦理学--近年来西方国家旅游伦理研究述评

旅行和旅游是一项历史悠久的人类活动,旅游活动中的伦理问题的存在也和旅游发展的历史一样久远.二战以后,"大众旅游"经过半个多世纪的高速发展,对自然环境和社会文化的负面影响已经凸显出来,因此,旅游研究便开始关注旅游发展伦理问题;与此同时,应用伦理学研究也开始从不同的角度关注旅游发展这一新领域.