The Handicapped: Special Needs and Strategies for Counseling

This article examines the psychosocial needs of disabled persons and the counseling approaches for dealing with their special needs. The authors discuss problems of self-concept, body image, frustration and anger, and dependency and motivation. Strategies are drawn from a broad spectrum of counseling theories, with examples from neo-Freudian, Gestalt, rational-emotive, and behavioral frameworks, with a stress on counselor versatility and involvement with clients' individual responses to disability.     

Assessment Strategies for Students With Disabilities

Remedial strategies for children and adolescents with disabilities should have their roots in assessment. In this article the authors discuss improvements in assessment approaches, including new standards for psychological testing, updated and renormed cognitive assessments, and vocational assessments with increased ecological validity. The combined efforts of school psychologists, rehabilitation counselors, vocational evaluators, psychologists, and school counselors have yielded progress in the technical qualities of assessment and utilization. Through comprehensive and functional assessment, students with disabilities should find the transition from school to work with greater success.     

Agency and Organizational Help for the Handicapped

This article describes efforts to improve the provision of community services to handicapped individuals and their families. McIlroy and Zeller look at both system-targeted and client-centered approaches. The authors also provide lists of community resources, national information sources, and national organizations that provide assistance to the handicapped.     

国外自杀评估方法的研究进展

回顾与总结了国外近十年来自杀心理学中自杀危险因素的研究进展,并在此基础上评述性的介绍了国外自杀危险性评估方法的研究概况.重点介绍了自杀评估方法中的危险因素一保护因素核查法、七方面甄选法这两种针对群体的自杀危险性筛查方法;自杀状况表格评估法、四阶段过程评估法、自杀事件的编年体评估法这三种针对个体的自杀危险性进行细致评估的方法.最后做了简要评论,并结合现状提出了一些对我国自杀评估研究领域的启示.     

残障儿童家庭教育环境研究

对上海市２８６名残障儿童家长进行问卷调查,了解残障儿童家庭教育环境。结果发现：核心家庭占绝大多数;残障儿童家长学历层次和经济收入较低;家长普遍认为家庭教育很有必要,但对自己在家庭教育中的作用认识不充分;大多数家长除了与教师有较好的交流合作外,在与家庭其他成员、其他残障儿童家长以及邻居的交流合作均不理想。     

Employment Counseling for the Handicapped Can Be Easier Through Linkages

Employment counseling for handicapped students in transition from the high school setting to the world of work is often ineffective. Developing linkages between service providers in high schools and those in governmental agencies and private industries is necessary. This article focuses on the roles of the four significant actors in this linkage development: vocational teachers, rehabilitation and employment counselors, parents, and special education teachers and school counselors.     

Counseling the Children of Handicapped Parents

The children of the handicapped frequently need counseling to help them cope with the consequences of their parents' handicaps. Parental handicaps typically lead to modifications in parenting behavior and family structure that may be perceived as deficiencies. Kennedy and Bush discuss the child's reaction to parental handicap in the context of object loss and attachment. Evidence suggests that the children of the handicapped are overrepresented among those who are in some way maladjusted or in need of counseling. This article focuses on multiple sclerosis in parents, including its impact on children, suggested interventions, and a case study.     

A Mutual-Help Project for Families of Handicapped Children

The authors describe a program for families of handicapped children that features educational programs and parent and sibling support groups.     

An Evaluation of a Self-Protection Skills Program for the Mildly Handicapped

The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effects of a self-protection curriculum with a group of 10 junior high special education students. The curriculum (Ryerson & Sunden, 1981) was designed to increase the student's ability to identify strangers, recognize unsafe situations, use refusal skill, and understand acceptable and unacceptable touch. The effects of the curriculum were examined using a multiple baseline pre-posttest design across subjects. The results indicated a significant improvement in self-protection skills. Post testing data indicated the self-protection skills ere maintained over time.     

New Strategies in the Assessment of Psychological Factors Affecting Medical Conditions

In this article, we examine research that may lead to a better assessment of psychological factors affecting medical conditions. We performed a review of the psychosomatic literature using both Medline and manual searches. We selected papers that were judged to be relevant to new strategies of assessment, with particular reference to the use of the Diagnostic Criteria for Psychosomatic Research. We assessed 8 areas concerned with the assessment of psychological factors in the setting of medical disease: hypochondriasis, disease phobia, persistent somatization, conversion symptoms, illness denial, demoralization, irritable mood, and Type A behavior. A new subclassification of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed. [DSM-V]; not yet published) category of psychological factors affecting physical conditions appears to be feasible and may provide the clinician with better tools for identifying psychological distress.     

Career Counseling With Handicapped Persons

This article presents a comprehensive overview of the career counseling process for handicapped persons, with emphasis on developmental differences, assessment techniques, occupational information and exploration, and job placement techniques.     

Personality Testing of the Handicapped: A Review

The validity and utility of various projective and non-projective tests with handicapped populations were reviewed. Five areas of handicapping conditions were considered: Blindness, Deafness, Speech Disorders, Motor Disorders, and Intellectual Retardation. The utility of varied tests for personality diagnosis in these areas was indicated, either through evaluation of research on these tests and the handicapping condition or through noting certain unique features of specific tests which may be of help in diagnosis, though no research has yet appeared. A summary at the end of each handicapping condition indicates which tests seemed most promising for diagnosis.     

Preparing Counselors to Meet the Needs of the Handicapped

The Education for All Handicapped Children Act (PL 94–142) mandates a number of counseling and allied services for the handicapped and their parents. In many cases counselors will need to acquire additional information and training to meet the needs of this special population. This article outlines many competencies that need to be considered in developing pre-service and in-service programs for counselors serving the handicapped. Hosie discusses several professional development areas relating to these competencies, and provides resources and training materials.     

分化型甲状腺癌的风险评估和个体化治疗策略

甲状腺癌是内分泌系统最常见的恶性肿瘤,它的发病率正逐年增加,其中90％是分化型甲状腺癌,分化型甲状腺癌诊治方面存在很多争议,如分化型甲状腺癌的原发癌症的切除范围、是否行淋巴结清扫及清扫范围.根据甲状腺癌的风险评估实施个体化治疗,是分化型甲状腺癌未来的治疗方向.     

Cognition and Social Information-Gathering Strategies Reinterpretation Assessment in Second-Guessing

Effective social decision making often depends upon gathering needed information. Since the kind and quality of information obtained depends on the tactics used to gain it, the study of information-gathering tactics is of prime importance in understanding the processes of social decision making. We focused on one facet of information-gathering—the cognitive process of second-guessing developed by Hewes and Planalp (1982). We developed and tested a theory of reinterpretation assessment that explores the relationship between second-guessing and the use of social information-gathering tactics. Four of the five principles on which this theory is based are tested empirically. They concern the effects of motivational (need for accuracy), cognitive (processing load), and practical (social effort) antecedents on the tactics employed by social actors to improve subjectively the quality of their reinterpretations of messages. Moderate support is garnered for all four principles. Some challenging anomalies result in modifications of the theory.     

Factors Influencing the Selection of Toys for Handicapped and Normally Developing Preschool Children

Factors influencing the selection and purchase of toys for children's use were investigated. Subjects were 73 parents or adult friends of normally developing or handicapped preschool children. In addition to providing demographic information about themselves, the subjects rated the importance of 17 factors influencing their selection and purchase of toys. Contrary to previous research, the sex of the child was reported to be of only minor importance in toy selection, as was the picture on the toy package. Two factors, safety and teaching new skills, were rated as extremely important. There were no significant differences in ratings as a result of sex, ethnicity, or whether or not the subjects were parents of a handicapped child. The findings suggest a substantial degree of agreement among parents about what they consider important when choosing toys for children.