THE SUBORDINATE'S ROLE IN THE DELEGATION PROCESS1

The purpose of this experiment was to test the effect of two degrees of delegation on the foreman's behavior in a conference with his men. A simulated life situation, involving a foreman and three assembly workers, was used. Time-study data indicated a source of inefficiency and raised the problem of improving work methods. Groups of four persons interacted under two conditions: in 85 of the groups the foreman was instructed by his superior to introduce a specific solution to a problem; in the other 86 groups he was instructed to share the problem with his men. All subjects were middle-management personnel in government and industry, and all had been exposed to the concept of participation in gaining the acceptance of a decision. Equal samples from each population were tested under the two conditions. Measures included the following: (1) types of decisions reached; (2) foreman's method of posing the topic for discussion; (3) men's acceptance of the decision; (4) foreman's perception of men who disagreed with him; and (5) whether or not the foreman shared the time-study data with the men. The results revealed that the two experimental conditions produced no differential effect on any of the measures. Persons serving as foremen conducted their meetings as they saw fit and were uninfluenced by their lack of freedom under one condition and their high degree of freedom under the other.     

PERCEPTUAL PROCESS AND THE EBBINGHAUS ILLUSION

Perception is shown in a block diagram which includes the instrumental errors in the sensing device, the transmission distortion in the nerves and the perceptual misjudgment in the high center. The perceptual misjudgment originates from the variation of comparison standards and the method of comparison, and would correspond to the mis-programming of the computer. A general mathematical formula for perception under the influence of various background stimuli is presented. The mechanism and equation for predicting the Ebbinghaus illusion are also presented.     

心理学研究的中国化：过程和道路

心理学研究的中国化过程和道路是相互联系的。通过对心理学发展历史的简略考察,提出心理学研究的中国化须经历验证对比国内外研究成果,研究中国人心理发展中特有的和重要的心理现象,建立适合中国国情的心理学概念、理论及研究方法等,其基本途径是学习、选择、中国化。在此基础上,探索心理学中国化的发展道路,即面向社会、在社会实践中研究心理学,加强心理学的现代化建设,使心理学为社会主义建设事业服务。     

THE THEORY OF THE PROCESS OF EXPLANATION GENERALIZED TO INCLUDE THE INCONSISTENT CASE

This paper proposes a generalization of the theory of the process of explanation to include consistent as well as inconsistent situations. The generalization is strong, for example in the sense that, if the background theory and the initial conditions are consistent, it leads to precisely the same results as the theory from the lead paper (Halonen and Hintikka 2004). The paper presupposes (and refers to arguments for the view that) inconsistencies constitute problems and that scientists try to resolve them.     

分类过程中汉字的语义提取(Ⅱ)

本研究是对汉字分类过程中语义提取的进一步探索,主要研究汉字双字词的语义提取。本研究的结果表明:(1)义符的作用在双字词的语义提取中依然存在,其趋势与在单字词中的情形是一致的。(2)被试在加工双字词时所采用的是平行加工的方式。(3)在汉字的语义提取中,被试头脑中的高级信息也有重要的作用。     

THE STRUCTURE AND PROCESS OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT*

In the present article, a theory of intellectual development is summarized which attempts to integrate the general structural approach pioneered by Piaget, with the more recent ‘process’ oriented approaches proposed by information processing theorists on the one hand, and by Pascual-Leone (in his M-Operator theory) on the other. The resultant theory is one which proposes that children's control structures progress through four general stages in the course of their development, with three recursive substages being identifiable at each. Transition to a new stage of development occurs as a result of the hierarchical integration of two qualitatively distinct control structures, each one of which was assembled and consolidated towards the end of the previous stage. By contrast, progress within a stage occurs as a result of the step-wise attention to, and non-hierarchical integration of, an increasing number of similar elements, each one of which was assembled towards the beginning of the new stage. The variable that determines the maximum rate at which within-stage progress can take place is the size of the child's working memory, which is seen as growing in response to both maturational and experiential variables. A similar process is seen as determining the timing of across-stage transitions; however, this process is as yet less well articulated. Several different sorts of empirical evidence have been gathered so far, to support the overall structure of the theory. After this evidence is described and illustrated, the article concludes with a summary of the theory in postulate form.     

孔子教学过程的心理学思想初探

本文根据普通心理学的结构和教育心理学的内容,对孔子的教学过程进行了心理学的分析和整理。全文分认识心理学思想、情感心理学思想、意志心理学思想和个性心理学思想四大部分。试图较为系统地探究孔子教学过程中的心理学思想遗产。     

分类过程中汉字的语义提取(Ⅰ)

语义提取是认知心理学研究的重要领域之一。本研究从语词的意义与概念统一的观点出发,运用快速分类的方法,对汉字单字词范畴语义的提取做了初步的探讨。本研究的结果表明,汉字形声字的义符在汉字单字词的语义提取中具有重要的作用,这种作用在肯定和否定的反应里都存在:在肯定的反应里,当义符标明词的类属时起促进作用,当义符与词义不一致时起干扰作用;在否定的反应里,义符对语义判断有干扰作用。实验结果还表明,语义距离与词频在语义提取中也有重要的作用。     

问题表征过程的一项研究

问题表征是解决问题时理解问题的方式．本研究选用智力数学题为实验作业,通过详细分析３４名大学生被试的问题表征环节及他们问题解决的结果,探讨问题表征中的信息加工过程及其对问题解决结果的影响．实验结果表明：（１）正确的问题表征是解决问题的必要前提,在错误的或者不完整的问题空间中进行搜索不可能求得问题的正确解．（２）问题表征是对问题信息的提取和理解的过程,问题规则在问题表征中起重要作用．（３）在问题表征过程中,导致建构出错误的或者不完整的问题空间的因素包括：信息遗漏（未能将问题的有关信息全部提取出来）,信息误解（对某些问题信息做了错误的分析和理解）,隐喻干扰（问题信息中潜在的歧义性使被试困惑或误导被试的解题思路）等．     

PROCEDURAL AND DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE IN THE EDITORIAL REVIEW PROCESS

Based on organizational justice theories, a model of procedural and distributive justice is proposed to explain authors' reactions to editorial decisions and the editorial review process. Authors ( n = 106) provided justice perceptions and future journal submission intentions upon receiving an editorial decision letter. The editor provided information on editorial decisions and review processes. Explanation and interpersonal sensitivity were important procedural justice dimensions in predicting distributive justice reactions and intentions to submit future work to the journal. Explanations appear particularly important when the decision is negative. Journal submission intentions were positively related to distributive justice reactions for inexperienced, but not experienced, authors. In addition, journal submission intentions were positively related to the perceived explanation received for experienced, but not inexperienced, authors. Discussion focuses on implications for organizational justice theories and for journal publishing and HR practices.     

心理护理程序和方法的研究

护理理论认为护理是对人的生理、心理、社会的整体护理。心理护理是护理工作的重要组成部分。本文分别用ＳＤＳ、ＳＡＳ等量表为材料,对心理护理程序和方法的建立作了一个临床试验研究。并以理论和实践的意义为线索,论述心理护理的分化、应用性研究的现实性和前瞻性意义。结果发现：丑）建构心理护理程序必须以主客观指标为基础。２）心理护理的方法应为综合的,形式以集体和个案护理为主。３）建构的心理护理程序和方法在理论上积极促进护理学科的分化研究。在实践上具有易于推广应用,行之有效的价值。４）实施心理护理后,病人的ＳＤＳ、ＳＡＳ分值有显著降低的趋势。心理问题也明显减少。     

BECOMING BELIEVERS: STUDYING THE CONVERSION PROCESS FROM WITHIN

Abstract Employing an extended case method ethnography ( Burawoy 1998 ), the researcher joined five new members forming a spiritualist's group under the leadership of an experienced advocate. Over a period of eighteen months, the researcher attended all the group's activities and events. Data were collected to reflexively interrogate the process theory of conversion proposed by Lewis Rambo (1993) . The data revealed conversion to be a multifaceted and dynamic process of cognitive change, mediated by structural, and contextual forces. The results provide a reconceptualization of Rambo's theory, presenting a theoretical expansion of the model emphasizing its mechanisms of action. The paper details the composition of the “Interaction‐Commitment” mechanism, operationalized within four submechanisms emanating from Rambo's roles, rituals, rhetoric, and relationships. This longitudinal study shows that most of the hard work toward conversion occurs before any formal interaction with a conversion advocate. Conversion operates most effectively under conditions of cognitive economy wherein the belief path follows a path of least cognitive expenditure.     

回报谨慎对谈判过程和谈判结果的影响

回报谨慎是人们害怕在人际关系中被他人利用的一种信念。研究考察了回报谨慎对谈判者的动机倾向、谈判行为及谈判结果的影响。184人组成92个两人小组参加了一项模拟商业谈判,谈判前研究者成功地进行了回报谨慎的操纵,谈判结束后,参加谈判的人完成谈判协议和谈判后问卷。研究者假设,低回报谨慎的谈判者比高回报谨慎的谈判者在谈判中更可能持有合作倾向、更多地与谈判对手分享信息,研究者还预测回报谨慎与谈判双方的联合收益以及谈判后对谈判对手的看法都有关系。研究结果支持了上述假设。研究对从事商业谈判的人具有实际意义。     

刻板印象的自动过程研究新进展

本文从两个方面对刻板印象的自动过程研究进行了回顾：自动过程是固定的和不可避免的;自动过程是有条件的。一个传统的观点在心理学中占据了将近40年,它认为刻板印象是自动激活的,不考虑知觉者的意图和目标。近几年来针对自动刻板印象的适应性的研究将近50项,对此提出挑战,研究表明知觉者的目的和意图能够起一些作用,自动刻板印象能够被一系列的因素所缓和,具有一定的适应性。