中央苏区反封建迷信的历史经验和启示

土地革命时期,中央苏区反封建迷信运动无论从内容还是措施上既反映了当地的实际,又可窥见全国苏区反封建迷信的普遍经验:在客家人的聚集地,反封建宗族制,建立革命同志式的新型社会关系;客家妇女深受封建压迫,开展解放妇女运动成为重要的任务;客家山歌深受当地民众喜爱,成为宣传反封建迷信的重要形式;以法律为保障,以政治经济实利为策略,以教育为主渠道全面进行反封建迷信。这些历史经验也为当前的反封建迷信提供了重要的启示:遵循一切从实际出发的基本原则,建立全方位的反封建迷信机制。     

不可把封建迷信掺入真道

在广大的信徒当中,有相当多的人在未归主之前受过封建迷信思想的影响,甚至有的人以搞封建迷信活动为职业,如阴阳先生、巫婆神汉。有的信徒由于迷信思想根深蒂固,又缺少文化,在信主以后,经常自觉不自觉地将拜偶像时的某些做法掺进来,使纯正的信仰变了味,做出一些荒唐可笑的事情。笔者在与信徒交通时就曾遇到过几例,现例举如下: 有个传道人,信主之前曾潜心钻研过其他宗教,练过打坐。他归向真神后热心追求。     

试论钱钟书对迷信现象的分析和批判

本文集中介绍并阐述了钱钟书对古今中外的迷信现象、邪说和伎俩的分析批判。由于钱钟书在人文学科各领域都有精深研究,治学通观中西,打破学科界限,在破除迷信方面也提供了许多新的资料和思想,对从根本上树立科学理性精神具有重要价值。     

基督教信仰与封建迷信的区别北大核心

目前在各地农村,封建迷信现象比较严重,这不仅严重妨碍着社会主义精神文明建没,也影响和混乱了教会。其主要原因是:社会上的一些巫婆、神汉、阴阳先生等专搞迷信的人物,有时改头换面,把他们的市场转移到基督教中来,在教会里赤裸裸地进行封建迷信活动。二是教会人数的增多,教会内部管理与牧养水平还远远跟不上,造成一部分信徒对纯正的信仰,在内容上和活动形式上模糊不清。有的信徒专门追求医病赶鬼,在聚会活动时,越搞得神乎其神,越感兴趣,这样就给搞封建迷信者有了可乘之机。     

莲池大师对邪外和迷信的批判

明代社会,民间新兴宗教纷纷出现,各种传统迷信泛滥成灾。莲池大师(1535-1615)作为佛门思想领袖,发扬佛教破邪显正的传统,对无为教等附佛法外道和佛教界内外的各种迷信观念,依据佛法的正见,一一作了批判。一、对无为教等附佛外道的批判南宋以来,随着正统佛教之衰微,及宗教的不断世俗化,出现了多种民间新宗教,它们大多打着佛法的旗号,而实际宣扬邪见,破坏佛教,并往往制造动乱,历代朝廷多视之为邪教而进行取缔镇压。其中以由佛教白莲宗演变而成的白莲教力量最大,延续时间最长,实为当今多数会道门、邪教的祖宗。至明代,此类附佛外道更为昌盛,影…     

告别迷信愚昧 走向科学文明

迷信,是人类对自然界及自身缺乏正确认识的结果。它是人类认识过程和社会发展过程中的一个阶段,本身不足为怪。但在阶级社会就复杂化了,     

青年马克思宗教批判的社会哲学意蕴

青年马克思宗教观的形成包含三个环节：(1)从博士论文写作到《莱茵报》时期,马克思分别以希腊自然神论和19世纪普鲁士政治唯灵论为批判对象,揭示出人在“社会现实”中的不自由是宗教得以产生的社会前提;(2)以《黑格尔法哲学批判》和《论犹太人问题》为节点,马克思通过考察国家神论与私有财产拜物教之间的内在关联,明确了作为“市民社会”前提的现代私有财产关系,是人在当下陷入不自由的根本原因;(3)经《1844年经济学哲学手稿》及至与恩格斯共同完成《德意志意识形态》,马克思既发掘出市民社会的宗教精神是理性神论与历史唯灵论,又在表征人类实践的“社会历史”中,指认了以共产主义为目标的无产阶级革命对私有财产关系的扬弃,是人类实现自由的历史前提。据此可知,青年马克思的宗教批判不是对某一特定宗教观念的理论剖析,而是对宗教本身何以可能的社会前提进行的哲学反思。它内含对导致人类不自由的社会前提进行检视,并对人类自由得以实现的历史前提进行展望的社会哲学意蕴。     

雾失楼台月迷津渡--对官员迷信现象之剖析

近年来,多元化的文化潮流簇拥着各种社会现象层出不穷。正如太阳也有黑子一样,沉渣泛起的封建迷信活动对社会就很具有危害性。特别是在反腐败斗争中,出现的贪官“不问苍生问鬼神”的案例屡见报端,影响更为恶劣, 是必须加以限制、防治、清除的现象。一、官员迷信现象的现状 1．笃信占卜算命不同程度地体现在一些官员身上,     

愚昧无知的后果往往是可怕的——对一起迷信“走火入魔”个案的分析

在信仰问题上,当前社会上有一种认识,即认为迷信鬼神是劝导人们向善的,是抑恶的行之有效的手段,不少人由此产生了迷惑,以为敬畏鬼神是一种有益的,至少是一种无害的。这种认识使得人们对封建迷信和迷信活动抱相当宽容的心态,甚至扩散到了包括共产党员在内这样本应是无神论者的     

青年马克思的现代社会批判及其理论效应

在马克思法哲学批判时期的著作中,“市民社会”与“政治国家”是表征现代社会的两个概念。马克思继承了黑格尔关于现代社会以市民社会与政治国家的分立为特征的思想,从两个方面对现代社会展开了批判性分析。一方面,政治解放使市民社会与政治国家相互分立,使现代人分裂为双重身份并处于双重组织之中,而政治国家也随之陷入双重悖论;另一方面,市民社会与政治国家也具有一致性,即政治国家沦为维护市民社会的私利的附属物,其结果是市民社会在蓬勃发展的同时逐渐宗教化。马克思扬弃了黑格尔突破现代社会困境的“和解方案”并初步建构了其未来社会理论。在《黑格尔法哲学批判》中,马克思提出“真正的民主制”,但在《论犹太人问题》中以“社会力量”替代它。就超越市民社会与政治国家的分立以实现人的类本质而言,“社会力量”与“真正的民主制”具有共同的理论主题,两者的差异在于,后者的核心要义为市民社会通过不受限制的普选制“变体”为政治社会,而前者则强调无产阶级通过变革市民社会、消除私有财产的方式走向人类社会。青年马克思的现代社会批判在其思想发展中产生了重大的理论效应：一是使马克思切入近代政治哲学的问题域,开创了新的政治哲学传统;二是促使马克思...     

悟道为宗立德为先--如何做一名合格道士的体会

这次由市宗教局组织的爱国主义专题教育课程,内容是“如何做一名合格道士”,这是一个老话题,但在新世纪、新形势、新环境中,当有更丰富的内容,寓于更深的内涵。道士古时称为有道之士,当今应释为悟道之士,得道之士,守道之士,弘道之士。要做好一名道士,非一时一事的体现,要经过长期不懈的努力和追求,要立志、有进取心、有恒心、有奉献精神。悟道是为了得道,要经过艰辛卓绝的探寻,从徐福到东海寻长生不老之药,到郑隐炼丹而发明火药的不平常过程;从葛洪弃官而终生寻道,世称“小仙翁”,到陶弘景辞官入茅山,人称“山中宰相”,皆以道为一生追求的宗…     

The ties that bind what is known to the recall of what is new

Cued recall success varies with what people know and with what they do during an episode. This paper focuses on prior knowledge and disentangles the relative effects of 10 features of words and their relationships on cued recall. Results are reported for correlational and multiple regression analyses of data obtained from free association norms and from 29 experiments. The 10 features were only weakly correlated with each other in the norms and, with notable exceptions, in the experiments. The regression analysis indicated that forward cue-to-target strength explained the most variance, followed by backward target-to-cue strength. Target connectivity and set size explained the next most variance, along with mediated cue-to-target strength. Finally, frequency, concreteness, shared associate strength, and cue set size also contributed significantly to recall. Taken together, indices of prior word knowledge explain 49% of the recall variance. Theoretically driven equations that use free association to predict cued recall were also evaluated. Each equation was designed to condense multiple indices of word interconnectivity into a single predictor.     

On what is bound in figures and grounds

All else being equal, regions providing a quick, good match to object memories are likely to be seen as shaped figures rather than as shapeless grounds. Good matches to object memories occur only if the parts are properly bound spatially. If object memories are accessed in the course of perceptual organization even for regions ultimately seen as shapeless grounds, then binding of parts cannot require attention to figures. Novel silhouette primes were shown immediately before real or novel line drawings. The silhouette contours of half of the primes preceding real line drawings sketched a known shape on the outside, which nevertheless appeared to be a shapeless ground. At short prime-line drawing SOAs, observers took longer to categorize real line drawings following these experimental primes than control primes, suggesting that parts are properly bound spatially for regions perceived to be shapeless grounds, and further that object memories matching grounds are inhibited.     

Scanning the "Fringe" of consciousness: what is felt and what is not felt in intuitions about semantic coherence

In intuitions concerning semantic coherence participants are able to discriminate above chance whether a word triad has a common remote associate (coherent triad) or not (incoherent triad). These intuitions are driven by increased fluency in processing coherent triads compared to incoherent triads, which in turn triggers a brief and short positive affect. The present work investigates which of these internal cues, fluency or positive affect, is the actual cue underlying coherence intuitions. In Experiment 1, participants liked coherent word triads more than incoherent triads, but did not rate them as being more fluent in processing. In Experiment 2, participants could intuitively detect coherence when they misattributed fluency to an external source, but lost this intuitive ability when they misattributed affect. It is concluded that the coherence-induced fluency by itself is not consciously experienced and not used in the coherence intuitions, but the fluency-triggered affective consequences.     

肿瘤真是基因突变的产物吗--试论肿瘤疾病的本质及其发生发展的共性规律

解释肿瘤发生发展机制的学说很多,归纳起来无外两类,一是基因突变学说,二是细胞外遗传决定学说.突变理论认为肿瘤是细胞遗传物质发生不可逆改变的结果.外遗传决定学说认为肿瘤细胞遗传基因本身没有改变,而只是基因表达异常的结果,在适宜的环境中癌细胞可以再分化.     

Moral value transfer from regulatory fit: what feels right is right and what feels wrong is wrong

People experience regulatory fit (E. T. Higgins, 2000) when the strategic manner of their goal pursuit suits their regulatory orientation, and this regulatory fit feels right. Fit violation feels wrong. Four studies tested the proposal that experiences of fit can transfer to moral evaluations. The authors examined transfer of feeling wrong from fit violation by having participants in a promotion or prevention focus recall transgressions of commission or omission (Studies 1 and 2). Both studies found that when the type of transgression was a fit violation, participants expressed more guilt. Studies 3 and 4 examined transfer of feeling right from regulatory fit. Participants evaluated conflict resolutions (Study 3) and public policies (Study 4) as more right when the means pursued had fit.     

Direct instruction: What it is and what it is becoming

This essay describes the principles of Direct Instruction design and delivery used to establish clear, unambiguous communication and maximize student responding. Direct Instruction research findings are summarized: achievement of low-income students in Follow Through, longitudinal results, and the effectiveness of Direct Instruction for students with handicaps. Finally, new directions for Direct Instruction, technological applications and instruction of higher-order skills, are discussed.     

On what there is: Representation and history

Premise: our representational system has had a relatively invariant core throughout human history (cf. Sellars's manifest image). Major theses: (i) When philosophical argument establishes the existence of an entity, that entity is a representing, not a represented. (ii) Most of the documents in the history of philosophy are on a par (as dialogical resources) with current philosophical literature for establishing or controverting such existence claims. (iii) The use of mathematics (initially the mathematized neo-Platonism of classical mechanics) allowed modern physical science to break with the perennial system of representation; in consequence, a portion of the representings of modern physical scientists do not belong to the historically invariant core. This limits the dialogical resources of physical science and the applicability of arguments from perennial philosophy to science. It also explains the relative irrelevance of pre-17th century science to contemporary physical scientists in contrast to the relevance of pre-17th century philosophy to contemporary philosophers. It also supports thesis (iv), that logic (broadly conceived) in central to all serious philosophical enterprises, since logic is the central tool for exhibiting and criticizing the rationale(s) of our representational system(s). Support for these theses will be found in the paper.