贵州少数民族儿童青少年SNARC效应的发展

采用奇偶判断任务,考察二年级至大学阶段贵州民族儿童青少年SNARC效应的发展状况。结果显示：三年级开始出现SNARC效应（包括正确率SNARC效应）;各阶段SNARC效应无显著差异;高、低年级正确率存在显著差异,六年级以后各阶段正确率无显著差异。结论：民族儿童三年级开始形成数字的空间表征。SNARC效应的大小不因年龄而发生变化;被试对奇偶知识的掌握存在发展过程,三年级可能基本理解奇偶信息,六年级后熟练掌握奇偶信息。     

青少年健康促进行为的调查研究

本研究采用青少年健康促进量表(Adolescent Health Promotion scale,AHP)以长沙市450名中学生为对象,对青少年的健康促进行为水平及其在不同性别、年龄和学校类型上的差异进行了调查和分析。研究结果表明,青少年在人际支持行为上得分最高,而在运动行为上得分最低;经分析,运动行为及人际支持行为上存在明显的性别差异;AHP的六个因子在不同年龄段和学校类型上均呈现显著差异。     

儿童抑郁量表的结构及儿童青少年抑郁发展的特点

本研究采用美国心理学家Kovacs编制的“儿童抑郁量表”(Children' sDepression Inventory,CDI)(Kovacs,1981)对天津市895名7-17岁普通中小学生进行了测量,研究结果表明:(1)该量表的重测相关系数为0.79,Gutman分半信度为0.82,Cronbach α系数为0.84,量表各项目与总分之间的相关在0.15-0.58之间,均达到了显着性水平,表明该量表具有较好的重测信度、分半信度以及较高的内部一致性.(2)儿童青少年的抑郁水平呈现随年龄增长而增高的趋势,初中生和高中生的抑郁水平分别显着高于小学生的抑郁水平,但初、高中生之间无显着性差异.(3)就总体而言,男生的抑郁水平显着高于女生.进一步分析发现,性别与年级间存在交互作用,小学、初中和高中男生的抑郁水平间无显着性差异,而女生之间则存在着显着的差异;小学男生的抑郁水平高于女生的抑郁水平,两者之间的差异达到了显着性水平,而初、高中男女生之间无显着性差异.     

儿童和青少年的应对发展研究新进展

本文从发展心理学的视角,综合有关儿童和青少年应对的研究,对应对的理论发展,儿童和青少年应对发展的特点和趋势以及影响因素等问题进行了梳理,并概述了该领域的研究动向。应对的理论发展体现出从静态到动态,从单因素向多因素,从单维度向多水平的特点。儿童和青少年的应对发展需要某些认知能力的支持,并和调节过程具有密切的联系。作为心理学重要研究领域的应对,对其本身结构、相关研究方法以及应对对个体心理发展的作用机制等问题的探索还有待进一步的深入。     

儿童和青少年信息加工速度发展函数的研究

选择７—１９岁的被试１４０名,对三种不同任务进行操作。结果表明,在句图匹配任务中,儿童反应时是青年反应时的函数,指数函数能较好的描述这种共同的发展变化趋势,但在字母匹配任务中,这种线性关系较差;随着年龄的变化,信息加工速度的下降速率是根据不同的加工任务变化的,简单任务（选择反应和字母匹配）下降速度快,复杂任务（句图匹配）下降速度慢     

集体记忆中的协作促进及其原因

摘 要 协作促进是指先前协作提取的经验对后续的个人提取具有积极影响。为了探讨协作促进产生的基本条件及其原因,本研究通过两个实验分别考察了小组的人数和回忆方式对协作促进的影响以及他人再现和交叉线索对协作促进的贡献。结果表明：无论小组的大小为2人组、3人组还是4人组,回忆方式为轮流回忆还是自由回忆均能产生协作促进,且轮流回忆的协作促进量要高于自由回忆的协作促进量;他人再现对协作促进的贡献大于交叉线索。这说明协作促进是一个稳定的现象,其主要原因是他人再现的作用。     

儿童青少年品行障碍研究综述

对品行障碍的界定 ,已经形成共识是 :(1)品行障碍的发病对象是 18岁以下的青少年 ;(2 )品行障碍是一种问题行为 ;(3)这种问题行为是与社会规范和社会基本准则相背离的 ,是个体社会化不良的结果 ,个体社会化的程度和水平是品行障碍的主要诊断标准。在个体社会化的进程中 ,涉及的往往是个体与社会、与他人的关系 ,这就为品行障碍的研究提供了一个基本的研究视角 ,研究者们正是基于对以上两组相互关系的认识对品行障碍加以分类 ,一是三分法 ,将品行障碍分为反社会性行为、攻击性行为和对抗性行为 ;一是二分法 ,将品行障碍分为反社会性行为和攻…     

交流方式对儿童青少年合作行为影响的发展研究

1 引言对于什么是“合作”,国内外许多心理学家进行了不同的阐述。目前大多数研究者认为合作具有“共同目标”和“个体间的相互配合与协调”两大基本要素及“个体目标与群体目标同一性”的特征。从合作的结构上分析,合作包括合作认知、合作情感、合作技能和合作行为四个方面,合作行为是一个人合作水平的综合反映,是合作的最终体现。合作精神的培养是21世纪儿童青少年教育的主题之一。     

儿童青少年自尊发展理论建构与实证研究

自尊是包含能力和价值的重要心理资源,是个体心理健康的核心。多年来,我们围绕自尊开展了一系列理论建构及其相关的实证研究。其中,理论建构包括对自尊内涵和本质的探寻、\"倒立的金字塔\"自尊结构模型的建构。同时,运用多种方法对个体自尊的发展进行了实证研究,包括婴幼儿早期自尊的观察研究、小学生自尊发展与学校适应的关系研究、青少年自尊发展特点横向和纵向比较、特殊群体自尊与心理健康的关系研究。最后,运用实验方法分析了诱发失败情境下自尊对不良情绪的缓冲作用,不同自尊类型被试的记忆偏向和情感反应。这些研究为丰富国内自尊领域的研究成果做出了贡献。     

儿童青少年认知能力发展与脑发育

自发展认知神经科学兴起以来, 研究者就开始借助MRI等脑成像技术探讨儿童青少年认知能力发展与大脑结构发育和功能特点等之间的关系, 这为揭示行为发展与生理成熟之间的关系、儿童认知发展的神经活动规律、正常和障碍群体的独特大脑神经结构及活动特点等提供了重要启示。通过对有关儿童青少年智力、工作记忆、反应抑制等认知能力发展与大脑结构发育、大脑功能发育之间关系, 以及认知能力训练与大脑可塑性等研究的介绍, 指出发展认知神经科学的未来研究应重视采用纵向设计, 关注自然成熟和经验对正常或障碍儿童青少年认知发展与脑发育关系的交互影响, 同时从练习和训练的角度对大脑可塑性的特点进行探讨。     

大中学生四卡问题推理能力发展的实验研究

该文研究了大中学生四卡问题推理能力的发展,以及材料性质和指导语形式对这种发展的影响。结果发现：(1)具体材料上被试四卡问题的推理能力具有明显的发展趋势,高中时期是四卡问题推理能力发展的转折期。(2)存在主题促进效应。(3)指导语形式影响高中生在具体材料的四卡问题上的推理。     

Youth and the Great Recession: Are values,achievement orientation and outlook to the future affected?

This special section brings together leading experts in psychology and sociology to examine the consequences of the Great Recession for young people's values, achievement orientation, and outlook to the future. Evidence from Europe and the United States suggests that the impact of the recession varies for distinct outcomes and by age, the latter pointing to potential sensitive periods for interventions. Although the direct effects of the recession are not strong, they accelerate pre‐existing trends towards more prolonged and precarious transitions to independence, and are likely to bring with them long‐term scarring with respect to health and well‐being. While feelings of self‐confidence and self‐worth have eroded, young people continue to subscribe to the “American Dream,” the belief that in principle it is possible to make it – even if limitations to one's own capabilities are recognised. Trust in institutions has declined, but support and concern for others have increased, suggesting that in times of economic hardship and uncertainty social relationships become more salient. Young people's response to the recession appears to be less of a “me‐first” reaction than “let's help each other”: a form of “collective agency” to counter the inadequacy of social safety nets.     

Transformational experiences in young people: the meaning of a safe haven

What do adolescents find meaningful in their exposure to spiritual education organised by religious or spiritual institutions? A qualitative study of adolescents participating in summer school events organised by the Religious Society of Friends and Sahaj Marg meditation system was carried out and analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Two central themes emerged of ‘safe haven’ and ‘transforming processes’. The meaning of ‘safe haven’ was further examined and related to Gaston Bachelard’s evocation of the primordial sense of home.     

A sciencing programme and young children's exploratory play in the sandpit

A six-week sciencing programme, directed at stimulating exploratory play, was implemented with 2- and 3-year-olds in a day-care centre. The core of the programme consisted of guided play with children in the centre's sandpit. The effectiveness of the programme was determined with ecologically valid methods consisting of pre- and post-observations of children's exploratory behaviour during free sandpit play in the experimental group as well as in a control group. A systematic observation scheme for exploratory play, the Exploratory Play Scale, was used for this purpose. The experimental group showed an increase in level of exploratory play from pre- to post-observations, while the control group did not. This study shows that a small-scale sciencing programme can have an effect on children's level of free exploratory play.     

Donor,Dad, or…? Young Adults with Lesbian Parents’ Experiences with Known Donors

In this exploratory qualitative study of 11 young adults, ages 19–29 years, we examine how young people who were raised by lesbian parents make meaning out of and construct their relationships with known donors. In‐depth interviews were conducted to examine how participants defined their family composition, how they perceived the role of their donors in their lives, and how they negotiated their relationships with their donors. Findings indicate that mothers typically chose known donors who were family friends, that the majority of participants always knew who their donors were, and that their contact with donors ranged from minimal to involved. Further, participants perceived their donors in one of three ways: as strictly donors and not members of their family; as extended family members but not as parents; and as fathers. The more limited role of donors in participants' construction of family relationships sheds light on how children raised in lesbian, gay, and bisexual families are contributing to the redefinition and reconstruction of complex kinship arrangements. Our findings hold implications for clinicians who work with lesbian‐mother families, and suggest that young adulthood is an important developmental phase during which interest in and contact with the donor may shift, warranting a transfer of responsibility from mother to offspring in terms of managing the donor‐child relationship.     

汉语口语句子产生中句法启动效应的眼动研究

研究利用眼动技术考察了汉语口语句子产生中的句法启动效应及其眼动模式。实验采用双宾语句(主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语)、介宾语句(主语+谓语+直接宾语+间接宾语)和简单句三种启动句类型,听觉呈现启动句后呈现图片要求被试用句子进行描述,目标句类型为双宾语句或介宾语句。结果发现,启动句类型影响了目标句的句法选择及对图片中不同客体的注视时间比率及注视顺序。无论产生的目标句是否与启动句句法结构一致,双宾语句启动下对间接宾语的客体注视时间比率更高,且更多地优先注视间接宾语,介宾语句启动下对直接宾语的客体注视时间比率更高且更多地优先注视直接宾语,而在简单句启动条件下,眼动注视模式则会受到所产生目标句句法结构的影响。行为结果和眼动指标都支持了两阶段理论中结构选择和内容计划两阶段的观点。