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1.
Albert Casullo 《Philosophical Studies》2009,142(1):77-90
There are four approaches to analyzing the concept of a priori knowledge. The primary target of the reductive approach is
the concept of a priori justification. The primary target of the nonreductive approach is the concept of a priori knowledge.
There are two approaches to analyzing each primary target. A theory-neutral approach provides an analysis that does not presuppose
any general theory of knowledge or justification. A theory-laden approach provides an analysis that does presuppose some general
theory of knowledge or justification (call it the background theory). Those who embrace a theory-laden analysis incur a special burden: they must separate the features of their analysis that
are constitutive of the a priori from those that are constitutive of the background theory. My goal is to illustrate how the
failure to separate these features leads to erroneous conclusions about the nature of a priori knowledge.
相似文献
Albert CasulloEmail: |
2.
Walter Hopp 《Husserl Studies》2009,25(1):1-14
If Husserl is correct, phenomenological inquiry produces knowledge with an extremely high level of epistemic warrant or justification.
However, there are several good reasons to think that we are highly fallible at carrying out phenomenological inquiries. It
is extremely difficult to engage in phenomenological investigations, and there are very few substantive phenomenological claims
that command a widespread consensus. In what follows, I introduce a distinction between method-fallibility and agent-fallibility,
and use it to argue that the fact that we are fallible phenomenologists does not undermine Husserl’s claims concerning the
epistemic value of phenomenological inquiry. I will also defend my account against both internalist and externalist objections.
相似文献
Walter HoppEmail: |
3.
How Should We Do Nanoethics? A Network Approach for Discerning Ethical Issues in Nanotechnology 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Ibo van de Poel 《Nanoethics》2008,2(1):25-38
There is no agreement on how nanoethics should proceed. In this article I focus on approaches for discerning ethical issues
in nanotechnology, which is as of yet one of the most difficult and urging tasks for nanoethics. I discuss and criticize two
existing approaches for discerning ethical issues in nanotechnology and propose a network approach as alternative. I discuss
debates in nanoethics about the desirable role of ethics in nanotechnological development and about the newness of ethical
issues in nanotechnology. On basis of a critical analysis of both debates, I formulate a number of desiderata for a method
for discerning ethical issues in nanotechnology and argue that the network approach that my colleagues and I have developed
for ethical issues in research and development networks is also appropriate in nanotechnology.
相似文献
Ibo van de PoelEmail: |
4.
Sanford C. Goldberg 《Philosophical Studies》2009,142(1):105-117
The following three propositions appear to be individually defensible but jointly inconsistent: (1) reliability is a necessary
condition on epistemic justification; (2) on contested matters in philosophy, my beliefs are not reliably formed; (3) some
of these beliefs are epistemically justified. I explore the nature and scope of the problem, examine and reject some candidate
solutions, compare the issue with ones arising in discussions about disagreement, and offer a brief assessment of our predicament.
相似文献
Sanford C. GoldbergEmail: |
5.
Michael Cholbi 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2007,10(4):323-334
Philosophers have harbored doubts about the possibility of moral expertise since Plato. I argue that irrespective of whether
moral experts exist, identifying who those experts are is insurmountable because of the credentials problem: Moral experts have no need to seek out others’ moral expertise, but moral non-experts lack sufficient knowledge to determine
whether the advice provided by a putative moral expert in response to complex moral situations is correct and hence whether
an individual is a bone fide expert. Traditional accounts of moral expertise require that moral experts give reliably correct
moral advice supported by adequate justification, an account which, I argue, is too lean in allowing for the possibility of
a moral expert who is motivationally indifferent to her own moral judgments and advice. Yet even if the proposition that a
moral expert is an individual who provides reliably correct moral advice supported by adequate justification and is necessarily motivated by that advice exhausts the necessary and sufficient conditions for moral expertise, this proposition
cannot function as an applicable criterion for non-experts to use in appraising would-be experts’ claims to expertise. The
credentials problem thus remains unanswered.
相似文献
Michael CholbiEmail: |
6.
The purpose of the present document is to briefly present principles that constitute a new doctrine within the sphere of Military Ethics: The Just War Doctrine of Fighting Terror.The doctrine has been developed by a team we have headed at the Israel Defense Force (IDF) College of National Defense. However, the work has been done on the general levels of moral, ethical and legal considerations that should guide a democratic state when it faces terrorist activities committed against its citizens. Accordingly, the proposed principles are meant to be justified and practically applicable under any parallel circumstances. Moreover, those principles are intended to be universal in the sense that the justification of none of them rests on any particular stance with respect to the desired solution of the conflict under consideration.
相似文献
Asa KasherEmail: |
7.
Roger Brownsword 《Nanoethics》2008,2(1):73-86
This paper, guided by the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights, assumes that regulators should aim to
support the development of nanomedicine while, at the same time, putting in place whatever limits or safeguards are indicated
by ethical considerations. Relative to this regulatory objective, it is argued that, notwithstanding the importance of precaution
(characteristically, concerning health, safety, and the environment), ethical reflection needs to go both broader and deeper.
It is suggested that, by attending to the basic matrix of ethical debate and the “bioethical triangle” through which the matrix
is currently articulated, the breadth, depth, and conflictual plurality of ethical concerns about nanomedicine will be clarified.
In this light, the conventional thinking about precaution is revisited and concerns about human dignity and informed consent
(under conditions of extreme uncertainty) are analysed. The paper concludes that, once the range of ethical pluralism is grasped,
the extent of the challenge facing regulators will be more clearly appreciated.
相似文献
Roger BrownswordEmail: |
8.
Christian Piller 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2009,12(4):413-428
The fact that we ought to prefer what is comparatively more likely to be good, I argue, does, contrary to consequentialism,
not rest on any evaluative facts. It is, in this sense, a deontological requirement. As such it is the basis of our valuing
those things which are in accordance with it. We value acting (and believing) well, i.e. we value acting (and believing) as
we ought to act (and to believe). In this way, despite the fact that our interest in justification depends on our interest
in truth, we value believing with justification on non-instrumental grounds. A deontological understanding of justification,
thus, solves the Value of Knowledge Problem.
相似文献
Christian PillerEmail: |
9.
John Martin Fischer 《Philosophical Studies》2009,144(1):15-20
I explore a key feature of Robert Kane’s libertarianism (about which I have been puzzled for some time). Kane claims that
we should separate issues of alternative possibilities from issues of ultimacy, but he further argues that they are connected
in a certain way. I call into question this connection, and I continue to argue for a strict separation of considerations
pertaining to alternative possibilities and “actual-sequence” considerations.
相似文献
John Martin FischerEmail: |
10.
Obstetric Ultrasound and the Technological Mediation of Morality: A Postphenomenological Analysis 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Peter-Paul Verbeek 《Human Studies》2008,31(1):11-26
This article analyzes the moral relevance of technological artifacts and its possible role in ethical theory, by taking the
postphenomenological approach that has developed around the work of Don Ihde into the domain of ethics. By elaborating a postphenomenological
analysis of the mediating role of ultrasound in moral decisions about abortion, the article argues that technologies embody
morality and help to constitute moral subjectivity. This technological mediation of the moral subject is subsequently addressed
in terms of Michel Foucault’s ethical position, in which ethics is about actively co-shaping one’s moral subjectivity. Integrating
Foucauldian ethics and postphenomenology, the article argues that the technological mediation of moral subjectivity should
be at the heart of an ethical approach that takes the moral dimensions of technology seriously.
相似文献
Peter-Paul VerbeekEmail: |
11.
Noreen E. Johnson 《Sophia》2007,46(1):69-73
In Atheism: A Philosophical Justification, Michael Martin argues that to posit a God that is both omnipotent and omniscient is philosophically incoherent. I challenge
this argument by proposing that a God who is necessarily omniscient is more powerful than a God who is contingently omniscient.
I then argue that being omnipotent entails being omniscient by showing that for an all-powerful being to be all-powerful in
any meaningful way, it must possess complete knowledge about all states of affairs and thus must be understood to be omniscient.
相似文献
Noreen E. JohnsonEmail: |
12.
Harold Langsam 《Erkenntnis》2008,68(1):79-101
In this paper, I argue that what underlies internalism about justification is a rationalist conception of justification, not
a deontological conception of justification, and I argue for the plausibility of this rationalist conception of justification.
The rationalist conception of justification is the view that a justified belief is a belief that is held in a rational way;
since we exercise our rationality through conscious deliberation, the rationalist conception holds that a belief is justified
iff a relevant possible instance of conscious deliberation would endorse the belief. The importance of conscious deliberation
stems from its role in guiding us in acquiring true beliefs: whereas the externalist holds that if we wish to acquire true
beliefs, we have to begin by assuming that some of our usual methods of belief formation generally provide us with true beliefs, the internalist holds that if
we form beliefs by conscious deliberation, we can be conscious of reasons for thinking that our beliefs are true. Conscious deliberation can make us conscious of reasons because it proceeds via rational
intuitions. I argue that despite the fallibility of rational intuition, rational intuitions do enable us to become conscious
of reasons for belief.
相似文献
Harold LangsamEmail: |
13.
In this paper we suggest that the ethical duties of business schools can be understood as representing stewardship in the
Aristotelian tradition. In Introduction section we briefly explain the nature of ethical stewardship as a moral guideline for organizations in examining their duties
to society. Ethical Stewardship section presents six ethical duties of business schools that are owed to four distinct stakeholders, and includes examples
of each of those duties. Utilizing this Framework section identifies how this framework of duties can be used in the process of self-examination and transformation within
business schools. Why It Matters section concludes by explaining why the process of examining ethical duties at business schools is vitally important for
both business schools and the larger communities that they serve.
相似文献
Mary-Ellen Boyle (Corresponding author)Email: |
14.
This essay will build on Emmanuel Levinas’s rejection of ontology as foundational and draw out the implications for psychotherapy.
We will explore Levinas’s concept of substitution (in both his more Jewish writings and his philosophical treatises) and consider
its meaning in relationship to the role of a psychotherapist. Levinas understands the Other as a calling for substitution
of the self and of a taking on of responsibility. We explore the notion of surrender in the work of the psychoanalyst Emmanuel
Ghent and argue that his position is ultimately lacking in ethical injunction; requiring nothing of the self in relationship
to the Other. It remains within the confines of the conventional, self-reflexive models that Levinas critiques. Following
Levinas, we suggest that the therapist bear the burden of ethical responsibility by being exposed to the client’s ethical
call and by responding out of a kenotic self-emptying.
相似文献
Alvin DueckEmail: |
15.
Deborah C. Poff 《Journal of Academic Ethics》2007,5(1):25-31
This article concerns the importance of teaching moral reasoning and ethical leadership to all undergraduate students and
in particular makes the case that students in business especially need familiarity with these capacities and theories given
the complex world in which they will find themselves. The corollary to this analysis is the claim that content on moral reasoning
and ethical leadership be mandatory for all business majors and that all degrees require course material on these subjects.
相似文献
Deborah C. PoffEmail: |
16.
Lawrence Torcello 《Res Publica》2009,15(1):17-31
This article confronts growing conservative opposition to abortion based on the claim that abortion is morally equivalent
to infanticide. By examining the relationship between moral skepticism and precautionary ethics the article promotes a completely
permissive position on abortion from conception to birth while consistently rejecting the possibility that such a position
entails permissive implications for infanticide. The article introduces and traces the implicit relationship between moral
skepticism, the precautionary principle and political liberalism.
相似文献
Lawrence TorcelloEmail: |
17.
Hamid Vahid 《Erkenntnis》2008,69(3):295-313
It is not difficult to make sense of the idea that beliefs may derive their justification from other beliefs. Difficulties
surface when, as in certain epistemological theories, one appeals to sensory experiences to give an account of the structure
of justification. This gives rise to the so-called problem of ‘nondoxastic justification’, namely, the problem of seeing how
sensory experiences can confer justification on the beliefs they give rise to. In this paper, I begin by criticizing a number
of theories that are currently on offer. Finding them all wanting, I shall then offer a diagnosis of why they fail while gesturing
towards a promising way of resolving the dispute. It will be argued that what makes the problem of nondoxastic justification
a hard one is the difficulty of striking the right balance between a notion of normative justification that is content-sensitive
and truth conducive and the possibility of error while acknowledging the fact that our experiences can justify our beliefs
in cases we are hallucinating.
相似文献
Hamid VahidEmail: |
18.
The Role of the Humanities and Social Sciences in Nanotechnology Research and Development 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Mette Ebbesen 《Nanoethics》2008,2(1):1-13
The experience with genetically modified foods has been prominent in motivating science, industry and regulatory bodies to
address the social and ethical dimensions of nanotechnology. The overall objective is to gain the general public’s acceptance
of nanotechnology in order not to provoke a consumer boycott as it happened with genetically modified foods. It is stated
implicitly in reports on nanotechnology research and development that this acceptance depends on the public’s confidence in
the technology and that the confidence is created on the basis of information, education, openness and debate about scientific
and technological developments. Hence, it is assumed that informing and educating the public will create trust, which will
consequently lead to an acceptance of nanotechnology. Thus, the humanities and social sciences are seen as tools to achieve
public acceptance.
In this paper, the author argues that this is a narrow apprehension of the role of the humanities and social sciences. The
humanities and social sciences have a critical function asking fundamental questions and informing the public about these
reflections. This may lead to scepticism, however, the motivation for addressing the social and ethical dimensions of nanotechnology
should not be public acceptance but informed judgement. The author illustrates this critical function by discussing the role,
motivation and contribution of ethics as an example. Lastly, the author shows that a possible strategy for incorporating the
humanities and the social sciences into nanotechnology research and development is Real-Time Technology Assessment, where
the purpose is to integrate natural science and engineering investigations with ethical, legal and social science from the
outset.
相似文献
Mette EbbesenEmail: |
19.
Scott Hill 《Argumentation》2009,23(2):277-283
Toomas Karmo claims that his taxonomy of ethical sentences has the result that there does not exist a sound argument with
all non-ethical premises and an ethical conclusion. In a recent paper, Mark T. Nelson argues against this claim. Nelson presents
a sound argument that he takes to be such that (i) Karmo’s taxonomy classifies that argument’s single premise as non-ethical
and (ii) Karmo’s taxonomy classifies that argument’s conclusion as ethical. I attempt to show that Nelson is mistaken about
(ii). For any possible world at which the premise of Nelson’s argument is true, Karmo’s taxonomy classifies the conclusion
of Nelson’s argument as non-ethical.
相似文献
Scott HillEmail: |
20.
Rolf Loeber Dustin A. Pardini Alison Hipwell Magda Stouthamer-Loeber Kate Keenan Mark A. Sembower 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(6):777-791
Relatively little is known about the factor structure of disruptive behavior among preadolescent girls. The present study
reports on exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of disruptive girl behavior over four successive data waves as rated
by parents and teachers in a large, representative community sample of girls (N = 2,451). Five factors were identified from parent ratings (oppositional behavior/conduct problems, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity,
relational aggression, and callous-unemotional behaviors), and four factors were identified derived from teacher ratings (oppositional
behavior/conduct problems/callous-unemotional behaviors, inattention, hyperactivityimpulsivity, and relational aggression).
There was a high degree of consistency of items loading on equivalent factors across parent and teacher ratings. Year-to-year
stability of factors between ages five and 12 was high for parent ratings (ICC = 0.70 to 0.88), and slightly lower for teacher
ratings (ICC = 0.56 to 0.83). These findings are discussed in terms of possible adjustment to the criteria for children's
disruptive behavior disorders found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders.
相似文献
Rolf Loeber (Corresponding author)Email: |
Dustin A. PardiniEmail: |
Alison HipwellEmail: |
Magda Stouthamer-LoeberEmail: |
Kate KeenanEmail: |
Mark A. SembowerEmail: |