宗教关系和谐与和谐社会

党的十六届六中全会,把促进宗教关系和谐作为建设和谐社会的重要内容之一。这是一个有重要意义的决定,也是一个英明的决定。宗教之间的难以和谐,不仅是个历史事实,而且是当今世界所面临的难题之一。中国历史上的情况要好一些,但是宗教间的争论、冲突,相互贬低,也史不绝书。     

Maximalism and Moral Harmony

Maximalism is the view that an agent is permitted to perform a certain type of action (say, baking) if and only if she is permitted to perform some instance of this type (say, baking a pie), where φ‐ing is an instance of ψ‐ing if and only if φ‐ing entails ψ‐ing but not vice versa. Now, the aim of this paper is not to defend maximalism, but to defend a certain account of our options that when combined with maximalism results in a theory that accommodates the idea that a moral theory ought to be morally harmonious—that is, ought to be such that the agents who satisfy the theory, whoever and however numerous they may be, are guaranteed to produce the morally best world that they have the option of producing. I argue that, for something to count as an option for an agent, it must, in the relevant sense, be under her control. And I argue that the relevant sort of control is the sort that we exercise over our reasons‐responsive attitudes (e.g., our beliefs, desires, and intentions) by being both receptive and reactive to reasons. I call this sort of control rational control, and I call the view that φ‐ing is an option for a subject if and only if she has rational control over whether she φs rationalism. When we combine this view with maximalism, we get rationalist maximalism, which I argue is a promising moral theory.     

Postdoctoral education and training for clinical service providers in health psychology

It was recommended by the 1983 National Working Conference on Education and Training in Health Psychology (Stone, 1983) that 2 years of postdoctoral education and training be mandated for future licensed health service providers in health psychology. The background for requiring this postdoctoral training, a model for education, criteria for developing programs, issues of funding, and a rationale for accepting this mandate are presented. Highlighted are the stable and consistent growth of health psychology, the need to expand the period of clinical training to meet the many advances in the field, and the challenges that exist for the fully trained clinical health service provider.     

政府与自然的和谐:节约型政府理念中的和谐社会

以新时期节约型政府理念的核心意蕴分析为视角,广义的和谐社会也就是一种政府与自然和谐的社会。其理论内涵的完整内容应既包括政府以及政府引导社会如何改造与利用自然以实现自身存在与发展的需要,也包括政府以及政府引导社会如何改造和完善自身以满足遵循与顺应自然的需要。构建政府与自然和谐的节约路径主要在于树立强化政府的节约意识和建立健全政府的节约制度。     

Defining and Measuring Harmony Control

This study proposes a new control construct, harmony control (HC), inspired by a reanalysis of Rothbaum, Weisz, and Snyder's (1982) primary and secondary control constructs. Traditional primary control, and its supporting construct secondary control, affirm the Western cultural emphasis on an agentic self that separates positively from others. Harmony control reflects an interdependent self-concept. In HC, people are flexible and adjusting, and they recognize the agency that resides in spiritual and social forces. Guided by culturally informed views of the interdependent self and previously defined categories of secondary control, the present research develops an individual difference measure of HC framed independently of traditional primary and secondary control. Results from over 2300 community and student participants show that the scale meets traditional psychometric standards for reliability and predictive validity. As predicted, HC correlates with interdependence and collectivism and is orthogonal to two measures of traditional primary control. HC is uncorrelated with self-esteem, suggesting that harmony control may not engage self-efficacy because the social context is more in focus than the self. Women and Hispanics, two groups for whom role requirements and cultural background emphasize interdependence and harmony, score higher than men and Anglos, respectively. In a laboratory study, people higher in HC were more likely to transfer decision power to another person or to chance.     

Workers' compensation for mental stress cases

Workers' compensation, the USA's oldest social insurance program, is encountering new challenges in the form of mental stress claims. It is necessary to sort these cases three ways, in the terminology of compensation practitioners, physical-mental, mental-physical, and mental-mental. Although each of these appear to represent only a small part of all compensation claims presently, each category is difficult to administer, and all hold the potential for large growth in activity. At the extreme, any of the three could swamp a state's compensation program, administratively or economically. A case can be made that mental stress cases are simply variants of challenges previously posed and in many instances, successfully resolved by the state systems. That question will be determined by the future decisions of legislators, courts, and state administrators. The economic impact of such cases is not known. Their importance, however, extends well beyond the direct costs of indemnity and medical benefits paid. Ultimately, the indirect efforts on employer-worker-union relations may be larger than the direct costs.     

和谐二元矩阵模型及其在冲突管理中的应用

和谐是中国文化中的重要因素,本文对和谐的本质从价值性取向和工具性取向进行分析,构建和谐的二元矩阵模型,并将这一模型应用到冲突管理中,提出以和谐为本,建设性解决冲突问题。     

美与和谐及其社会建构

从某种意义上说,美是一种和谐,和谐则是一种美的形态,或者说和谐亦是一种美。因此,和谐社会的建构离不开美与审美。如果说美学曾在20世纪80年代中国的现代性启蒙中扮演过先锋的角色,那么,在21世纪建设和谐社会的目标下,它将愈益发挥不可或缺的重要作用。然而,用审美(学)的观点去审视和谐社会的建构,应从何入手呢?本文拟从以下几个方面做一探讨:①人与自然的和谐;②人与社会的和谐;③人与人的和谐;④人自身身心的和谐。前三者是人与某种具体存在的和谐关系,后者则为人自身内在的心理和谐。因此,这四者又可归结为:外在关系的和谐及内在关系的…     

Living in Harmony: Nominalism and the Explanationist Argument for Realism

According to the indispensability argument, scientific realists ought to believe in the existence of mathematical entities, due to their indispensable role in theorising. Arguably the crucial sense of indispensability can be understood in terms of the contribution that mathematics sometimes makes to the super‐empirical virtues of a theory. Moreover, the way in which the scientific realist values such virtues, in general, and draws on explanatory virtues, in particular, ought to make the realist ontologically committed to abstracta. This paper shows that this version of the indispensability argument glosses over crucial detail about how the scientific realist attempts to generate justificatory commitment to unobservables. The kind of role that the Platonist attributes to mathematics in scientific reasoning is compatible with nominalism, as far as scientific realist arguments are concerned.     

The family practices of service providers for young handicapped children

A survey was distributed to service providers in Connecticut working with newborn to 6-year-old handicapped children to examine the degree to which service activities currently focus on the family. Most service-provision goals elicited by the survey were child-focused clinical goals, but family-focused goals were frequently cited However, 30% reported spending no time with families during a typical week. Published programs or curricula were rarely used. The providers felt they were successfully achieving goals set for families but that they encountered some problems, including a lack of time to work with families. Comparisons were made between those working with children from birth to 3 years of age and those working with children 3 to 6 years of age. Suggestions concerning the implementation of the family-focused agenda were made.     

Harmony and Autonomy in Classical Logic

Michael Dummett and Dag Prawitz have argued that a constructivist theory of meaning depends on explicating the meaning of logical constants in terms of the theory of valid inference, imposing a constraint of harmony on acceptable connectives. They argue further that classical logic, in particular, classical negation, breaks these constraints, so that classical negation, if a cogent notion at all, has a meaning going beyond what can be exhibited in its inferential use.I argue that Dummett gives a mistaken elaboration of the notion of harmony, an idea stemming from a remark of Gerhard Gentzen"s. The introduction-rules are autonomous if they are taken fully to specify the meaning of the logical constants, and the rules are harmonious if the elimination-rule draws its conclusion from just the grounds stated in the introduction-rule. The key to harmony in classical logic then lies in strengthening the theory of the conditional so that the positive logic contains the full classical theory of the conditional. This is achieved by allowing parametric formulae in the natural deduction proofs, a form of multiple-conclusion logic.     

Automated offset compensation for DC biopotential measurements

We describe a design for high-gain DC bioamplifiers with automatic offset nulling capability. Taking advantage of state-of-the-art commercially available linear integrated circuits, the design is suitable for low-level measurements such as EEG and event-related potentials. DC input offsets can be nulled instantly, making multichannel DC amplification feasible without time-consuming manual offset compensation. In addition, both signal and DC offset outputs are provided, permitting concurrent monitoring of slow large-scale DC shifts as well as faster small-signal activity . An alternative AC mode with signal and offset outputs is also provided. This approach lends itself to a wide range of applications in which small DC biopotentials must be measured in the presence of larger, variable DC components.