追求和谐

和谐是指理想的关系 ,体现为稳定、有序、协调的状态。和谐作为理想的关系是值得追求的。追求自然的和谐是为了得到一个适合人类生存发展的自然环境。追求社会的和谐不仅在于它是社会实现持续平稳快速发展的条件 ,更在于它本身就是三大社会终极价值目标 (富裕、和谐、自由 )之一。追求社会和谐首先要建立起公正合理的制度体系 ,同时也要启动博爱之心。前者是社会实现和谐的基础和保障 ,后者则能提升社会和谐的等级 ,让社会充满祥和之气。     

宗教关系和谐与和谐社会

党的十六届六中全会,把促进宗教关系和谐作为建设和谐社会的重要内容之一。这是一个有重要意义的决定,也是一个英明的决定。宗教之间的难以和谐,不仅是个历史事实,而且是当今世界所面临的难题之一。中国历史上的情况要好一些,但是宗教间的争论、冲突,相互贬低,也史不绝书。     

Harmony and Justice

The reason why justice and harmony are the most-prized values and the highest aims of human beings is that these qualities are the foundation which makes possible the realization of all other positive goals. Interpersonal conflicts and conflicts between individuals and the society lead to social, cultural, and moral crises. Confucian culture argues that moral reason is only possessed by human beings, and that this is what can make human existence harmonious and rational. Harmony creates power, and power can defeat impediments. As a result, physical qualities are humanized, and moral qualities increase. Goodness promotes the establishment of mutually beneficial systems and procedural justice in a society. Therefore, Chinese traditional culture provides a method for resolving contemporary social conflicts and crises, including accumulating goodness to increase virtue, constructing social integrity and harmonious righteousness, and the building up of a just society.     

Maximalism and Moral Harmony

Maximalism is the view that an agent is permitted to perform a certain type of action (say, baking) if and only if she is permitted to perform some instance of this type (say, baking a pie), where φ‐ing is an instance of ψ‐ing if and only if φ‐ing entails ψ‐ing but not vice versa. Now, the aim of this paper is not to defend maximalism, but to defend a certain account of our options that when combined with maximalism results in a theory that accommodates the idea that a moral theory ought to be morally harmonious—that is, ought to be such that the agents who satisfy the theory, whoever and however numerous they may be, are guaranteed to produce the morally best world that they have the option of producing. I argue that, for something to count as an option for an agent, it must, in the relevant sense, be under her control. And I argue that the relevant sort of control is the sort that we exercise over our reasons‐responsive attitudes (e.g., our beliefs, desires, and intentions) by being both receptive and reactive to reasons. I call this sort of control rational control, and I call the view that φ‐ing is an option for a subject if and only if she has rational control over whether she φs rationalism. When we combine this view with maximalism, we get rationalist maximalism, which I argue is a promising moral theory.     

The experience of counselling for UK egg providers

Objective

The aim of this study was to address current gaps in knowledge regarding the appropriateness and quality of counselling provided to egg donors in the UK.

Methods

The present study used a cross-sectional, qualitative design. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 29 UK egg donors to explore their experiences of egg donation and the counselling received.

Results

Of the 29 participants, 24 had received counselling. The remaining five did not receive counselling because they were either not accepted as a donor (n = 4) or were offered, but chose not to take up the session (n = 1). The findings are presented in relation to five themes: feeling supported via counselling; feeling well-informed; welcoming an individualised approach; the counselling setting; and thinking about the future.

Conclusion

Egg donors in this study had varying experiences of counselling offered to them as part of the egg donation process in the UK.

Implications

The findings indicate that there are some aspects of counselling in the UK that could be improved, including the routine offering of counselling throughout the egg donation process and the tailoring of counselling to meet egg donors' individual needs.     

Defining and Measuring Harmony Control

This study proposes a new control construct, harmony control (HC), inspired by a reanalysis of Rothbaum, Weisz, and Snyder's (1982) primary and secondary control constructs. Traditional primary control, and its supporting construct secondary control, affirm the Western cultural emphasis on an agentic self that separates positively from others. Harmony control reflects an interdependent self-concept. In HC, people are flexible and adjusting, and they recognize the agency that resides in spiritual and social forces. Guided by culturally informed views of the interdependent self and previously defined categories of secondary control, the present research develops an individual difference measure of HC framed independently of traditional primary and secondary control. Results from over 2300 community and student participants show that the scale meets traditional psychometric standards for reliability and predictive validity. As predicted, HC correlates with interdependence and collectivism and is orthogonal to two measures of traditional primary control. HC is uncorrelated with self-esteem, suggesting that harmony control may not engage self-efficacy because the social context is more in focus than the self. Women and Hispanics, two groups for whom role requirements and cultural background emphasize interdependence and harmony, score higher than men and Anglos, respectively. In a laboratory study, people higher in HC were more likely to transfer decision power to another person or to chance.     

Postdoctoral education and training for clinical service providers in health psychology

It was recommended by the 1983 National Working Conference on Education and Training in Health Psychology (Stone, 1983) that 2 years of postdoctoral education and training be mandated for future licensed health service providers in health psychology. The background for requiring this postdoctoral training, a model for education, criteria for developing programs, issues of funding, and a rationale for accepting this mandate are presented. Highlighted are the stable and consistent growth of health psychology, the need to expand the period of clinical training to meet the many advances in the field, and the challenges that exist for the fully trained clinical health service provider.     

经济伦理与社会和谐--兼论经济伦理学的宗旨与使命

建构和谐社会最为重要的内容是保持利益与美德的和谐发展,经济伦理学的宗旨与使命正是通过确保经济学与伦理学的相互和谐,从形而下和形而上两个层面推进利益与美德的和谐发展.因此,我们应该通过经济伦理学建构和谐社会,特别是论证与研究当前国内外效率基础上的公平问题.     

政府与自然的和谐:节约型政府理念中的和谐社会

以新时期节约型政府理念的核心意蕴分析为视角,广义的和谐社会也就是一种政府与自然和谐的社会。其理论内涵的完整内容应既包括政府以及政府引导社会如何改造与利用自然以实现自身存在与发展的需要,也包括政府以及政府引导社会如何改造和完善自身以满足遵循与顺应自然的需要。构建政府与自然和谐的节约路径主要在于树立强化政府的节约意识和建立健全政府的节约制度。     

和谐二元矩阵模型及其在冲突管理中的应用

和谐是中国文化中的重要因素,本文对和谐的本质从价值性取向和工具性取向进行分析,构建和谐的二元矩阵模型,并将这一模型应用到冲突管理中,提出以和谐为本,建设性解决冲突问题。     

美与和谐及其社会建构

从某种意义上说,美是一种和谐,和谐则是一种美的形态,或者说和谐亦是一种美。因此,和谐社会的建构离不开美与审美。如果说美学曾在20世纪80年代中国的现代性启蒙中扮演过先锋的角色,那么,在21世纪建设和谐社会的目标下,它将愈益发挥不可或缺的重要作用。然而,用审美(学)的观点去审视和谐社会的建构,应从何入手呢?本文拟从以下几个方面做一探讨:①人与自然的和谐;②人与社会的和谐;③人与人的和谐;④人自身身心的和谐。前三者是人与某种具体存在的和谐关系,后者则为人自身内在的心理和谐。因此,这四者又可归结为:外在关系的和谐及内在关系的…     

Workers' compensation for mental stress cases

Workers' compensation, the USA's oldest social insurance program, is encountering new challenges in the form of mental stress claims. It is necessary to sort these cases three ways, in the terminology of compensation practitioners, physical-mental, mental-physical, and mental-mental. Although each of these appear to represent only a small part of all compensation claims presently, each category is difficult to administer, and all hold the potential for large growth in activity. At the extreme, any of the three could swamp a state's compensation program, administratively or economically. A case can be made that mental stress cases are simply variants of challenges previously posed and in many instances, successfully resolved by the state systems. That question will be determined by the future decisions of legislators, courts, and state administrators. The economic impact of such cases is not known. Their importance, however, extends well beyond the direct costs of indemnity and medical benefits paid. Ultimately, the indirect efforts on employer-worker-union relations may be larger than the direct costs.     

和:孔子与毕达哥拉斯

宇宙是一个和谐而有秩序的整体 ,这是古希腊的毕达哥拉斯和中国古代的孔子哲学的共同理念。毕达哥拉斯的“和”的思想是建立在数学概念的宇宙观基础之上 ,而孔子的“和”则建立在圣人对天道秩序的观察之上。尽管他们“和”的思想的哲学基础和历史背景不尽相同 ,他们都强调要尊重和保持宇宙本身的和谐与秩序 ,都认为在音乐中体现了宇宙的这种和谐与秩序 ,因此也都强调了音乐教育对于培养品格、维持人自身小宇宙和谐的重要性。通过对毕达哥拉斯和孔子有关“和”的思想的比较 ,有助于我们树立一种强调万物之间普遍联系的共同体观念。     

Harmony and Autonomy in Classical Logic

Michael Dummett and Dag Prawitz have argued that a constructivist theory of meaning depends on explicating the meaning of logical constants in terms of the theory of valid inference, imposing a constraint of harmony on acceptable connectives. They argue further that classical logic, in particular, classical negation, breaks these constraints, so that classical negation, if a cogent notion at all, has a meaning going beyond what can be exhibited in its inferential use.I argue that Dummett gives a mistaken elaboration of the notion of harmony, an idea stemming from a remark of Gerhard Gentzen"s. The introduction-rules are autonomous if they are taken fully to specify the meaning of the logical constants, and the rules are harmonious if the elimination-rule draws its conclusion from just the grounds stated in the introduction-rule. The key to harmony in classical logic then lies in strengthening the theory of the conditional so that the positive logic contains the full classical theory of the conditional. This is achieved by allowing parametric formulae in the natural deduction proofs, a form of multiple-conclusion logic.