生态学习观:一种审视学习的新视角

学习理论作为教育心理学的重要组成部分,百余年来发展繁盛。然而,无论是行为主义、信息加工、建构主义、还是目前流行的社会文化观,每一种学习理论所能描述和解释的不过是学习现象的某些方面或某一层次,都未能反映出人类学习的完整图景。本文尝试提出生态学习的思想,试图展现学习的整体、适应和多元的面孔。     

初中学生的知识观与学习观的初步研究

学习者的知识观、学习观又称“认识论”.本研究采用问卷法,以初一下半学期学生为被试,分别从“机械-辩证”、“零散-联系”以及“接收-建构”和“零散-整合”的维度,分析了被试对知识和对学习的看法。结果发现:1.被试在知识观、学习观上开始表现出辩证的、联系的、建构的倾向,但还不够充分。2.知识观的“机械-辩证”与学习观的“接收-建构”之间以及学习观的“接收-建构”与“零散-整合”之间具有显着的正相关(P<0.05).3.一般智力水平与知识观之间表现出较显着的正相关(P<0.05或。05相似文献   

小学生语文学习观调查研究

采用选择题与开放题相结合的问卷调查方法,调查207名二、四、六年级学生的语文学习观(包括对语文知识性质与语文知识学习的认识),结果表明:(1)随着年级升高,学生对语文知识性质和学习过程的认识显著地越来越明确;(2)六、四年级的语文知识性质观平均得分显著高于二年级,越来越倾向于认为语文知识是相对的、相互联系的、开放性的;(3)六年级的语文学习过程观平均得分显著高于四、二年级,越来越倾向于认为语文学习不只是接受性的和练习性的,还是建构性的、想象的和探索性的。     

中学生知识学习观研究

采用自编的《中学生知识学习观量表》,探讨了中学生知识学习观的现状和特点。结果表明:(1)中学生的知识学习观在总体上还是建设性的;(2)不同性别、文理科学生在知识学习观各维度上存在显著差异;(3)初中生的知识学习观比高中生的知识学习观更具建构性;(4)不同成绩水平的学生在知识学习观各维度上存在显著的差异,知识学习过程观、知识价值观、知识学习态度观是中学生学习成绩的有效预测变量。     

关于健康观认知构造的中日比较研究

本研究的目的是揭示大学生关于健康观的认知构造,并对中日大学生健康观的认知构造进行比较。通过对收集到的日常生活的健康观数据进行处理,制成了一个包含50个项目的问卷,然后对收集到的儿8名日本大学生和81名中国大学生的数据进行了因子分析,得到了健康观认知构造的五个因子,即“自律性”(因子Ⅰ)、“主观自我”(因子Ⅱ)、“身体因素”(因子Ⅲ)、“心理因素”(因子Ⅳ)、“健康习惯”(因子Ⅴ)。中日学生的健康观认知结构在Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ因子上存在差异。     

谈一种新的建构主义网络式学习观

与传统学习观不同,网络式学习观认为,学习内容的体系建构不应由教师传授给学生,而应由学生主动建构;并且,这种体系结构的建构不应在初级学习阶段而应在由初级学习向高级学习阶段过渡的过程中要求学生掌握。在此之前,学习重点应在于对学习联结点与背景知识群的掌握,章以学习的四阶段论论述了这一主要观点。章还阐述了教师在网络式学习观中的作用及网络式学习观的理论支持。     

试论认知心理学的学习观及其启示

认知心理学作为人类行为基础的心理机制,是兴起于20世纪50年代的一种心理学思潮,对揭示人在信息输入与输出之间的内在规律方面具有重要作用。同时,认知心理学的发展对现代教育教学事业也具有一定的启示意义。因此,本文基于认知心理学的学习观,阐述了认知心理学学习观的教学启示。     

整合性学习观的动物行为模型探索

我国当下的学习观以渐进性学习为主。研究尝试提出“整合性学习”的学习观, 以40只SD大鼠为被试,采用2(学习方式：整合/渐进)×2(性别：雄/雌)组间设计,运用14单元组合T迷宫进行五阶段的动物行为建模。结果显示,1)学习错误次数上,整合少于渐进、雄性少于雌性;2)整合较渐进学习效果的迁移性更好;3)各组皆出现对第一段原正确路径的固着。由此得出：整合性学习更长效,习得的知识具有整体性、组块化、范畴化的可迁移的特征。     

小学生数学学习观调查研究

采用开放题、多选题与单选题相结合的问卷调查方法．调查190名二、四、六年级学生的数学学习态度和数学学习观,结果表明：1)小学生普遍喜欢数学．并对自身的数学能力有信心．但这种积极态度随年级升高而逐渐下降,尤其是在四、六年级之间达到了显著性;2)小学生的数学知识性质观是倾向于建构性的,并随年级升高而显著提高．但总体上还是比较素朴、直观和肤浅的;3)小学生的数学学习过程观总体上并不十分明确．同时注重表层上的接受学习和深层上的主观参与。     

小学生数学学习观:结构与特点的研究

采用问卷法,本研究探讨了小学生数学学习观的结构与表现特点。研究表明:小学生数学学习观的四个因素,即数学学习兴趣、课堂参与性、数学学科观与数学交流的素养,能够较好地解释数学学习观的心理结构;小学生的数学学习兴趣与课堂参与性,随着年级升高显著下降,而在数学学科观与数学交流的素养方面则表现出相反的趋势,即随着年级升高而提升;男生的学习兴趣与课堂参与性明显高于女生,但在数学学科观与数学交流的素养方面,女生则明显好于男生。     

Connections between experience, beliefs, scientific knowledge, and self-evaluated expertise among investigators of child sexual abuse in Finland

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether clinicians investigating child sexual abuse (CSA) rely more on scientific knowledge or on clinical experience when evaluating their own expertise. Another goal was to check what kind of pre-trial beliefs the clinicians had. The connections between these different factors were investigated. A questionnaire covering items concerning demographic data, experience, knowledge about CSA, self-evaluated expertise and beliefs about CSA was given to 126 social workers, 60 child psychiatrists and 134 psychologists. The results showed that the clinicians relied more on their clinical experience than on scientific knowledge when evaluating their expertise as investigators of CSA. Furthermore, social workers possessed stronger attitudes in favor of children than the other groups, while child psychiatrists had more negative attitudes towards the criminal justice system. Male participants had less strong beliefs than did the female participants. The findings indicate that the education of CSA investigators should focus more on theoretical knowledge and decision-making processes as well as the role of pre-trial beliefs.     

Self-regulated learning among teacher education students: Motivational beliefs influence on the use of metacognition

In the present study, we examined the relationships between motivational beliefs (self-efficacy, task value, and control of learning beliefs) and use of metacognitive learning strategies among teacher education students in Uganda. The sample comprised of 649 students selected from seven universities. Data were collected using several scales from the modified Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire, and analysed using Structural Equation Modelling. Task value and self-efficacy independently and significantly predicted students’ reported use of metacognition. Students’ self-reported self-efficacy and task value explained 38% of the variance in their use of metacognition. The evidence suggests interventions aimed at improving teacher education students’ metacognitive skills to focus on enhancing their efficacy and value beliefs.     

大学生认识论信念、自我调节学习与学业拖延的联系:有调节的中介模型

为探讨认识论信念、自我调节学习与学业拖延不同维度之间的作用机制及年级的调节作用，采用分层抽样，对山东省两所大学的1096名一至四年级大学生进行问卷测查。结果发现，自我调节学习在认识论信念与学业拖延程度之间起完全中介作用，在认识论信念与学业拖延问题/学业拖延降低期望之间起部分中介作用。较高的认识论信念有利于培养学生的自我调节学习能力，降低学业拖延程度，较少受学业拖延问题的困扰。并且随着年级的升高，认识论信念的积极作用倾向于降低。结论：年级因素在“认识论信念→自我调节学习→学业拖延”中的调节作用机制对于教学实践具有重要意义。     

Delays in seeking cancer diagnosis in relation to beliefs about the curability of cancer in patients with different disease locations

This study is aimed at investigating factors leading to delayed oncologic examinations versus immediate consultation with a physician in patients with various cancers. We analysed the results of a study of patients (n?=?291) reporting for their first oncologic examinations. We conducted structured interviews containing social, demographic and clinical data, the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory and Harris and Guten's health appraisal scores. Based on an analysis of decision-making trees, the results indicate that it is possible to predict beliefs regarding the curability of cancer and immediate versus delayed reporting to a physician. Delayed reports may be predicted on the basis of two factors: (1) a belief that cancer is incurable combined with increased state anxiety, ‘good’ or ‘very good’ self-appraisal of health and low depression; and (2) a belief that cancer is incurable accompanied by increased anxiety and depression. The characteristics of patients delaying a visit to the oncologist suggest the existence of three independent factors leading to both considerable (longer than nine months) and minor (up to one month) delays in seeking treatment.     

The Teacher Belief Q-Sort: A measure of teachers' priorities in relation to disciplinary practices, teaching practices, and beliefs about children

The present study advances a new method for assessing teacher beliefs and priorities. This paper describes the development and psychometric properties of the Teacher Belief Q-Sort (TBQ), an assessment technique that examines teachers' priorities and beliefs about discipline practices, classroom practices, and beliefs about children (see www.socialdevelopmentlab.org. Further, this paper describes the usefulness of this tool by examining differences in beliefs and priorities among four groups of teachers (experienced teachers trained in the Responsive Classroom (RC) Approach, experienced teachers with no such training, pre-service teachers planning on teaching elementary school, and pre-service teachers planning on teaching middle/high school) with the goal of demonstrating the way priorities are sensitive to specialized training and teaching experience. The study establishes the TBQ as a reliable, valid, and useful method. Findings showed that RC teachers hold discipline and teaching practice priorities consistent with training in the RC Approach and that pre-service teachers placed greater priority on spontaneity and collaboration and held more negative views about children's likeability and motivation than in-service teachers. Findings are discussed in terms of the ways in which teacher priorities are sensitive to specialized training and teaching experience and offer an early indicator of integrity of implementation.     

False-belief understanding at age 5 predicts beliefs about learning in year 3 of primary school

This study examined the concurrent and longitudinal relationships between children's theory of mind (ToM) and their beliefs about learning. A sample of 63 children was tested for theory of mind and verbal ability at four time points: 5, 6, 7 and 8 years of age. In addition, at Time 4, children were administered a questionnaire investigating their beliefs about learning. Results showed longitudinal and concurrent relationships between ToM and constructivist, but not reproductive, beliefs about learning. Crucially, false-belief understanding at age 5 predicted unique variance in constructivist beliefs about learning at age 8, when controlling for subsequent levels of ToM. This relationship was not due to verbal ability. The authors discuss theoretical and practical implications of the longitudinal effect of theory of mind ability on constructivist beliefs about learning.     

教育价值观和逆境信念在家庭经济压力与初中生学业成就之间的作用

大量研究表明,家庭经济压力对青少年学业成就具有显著的不利影响。但是,目前学界对家庭经济压力“怎样”（中介机制）以及“何时”（调节机制）影响青少年学业成就仍知之甚少。本研究在整合贫困文化模型及心理韧性理论的基础上构建一个有调节的中介模型,考察青少年教育价值观（读书是否有用）在家庭经济压力与学业成就之间的中介作用,同时检验中国文化逆境信念对该中介路径的调节作用。采用随机整群抽样,选取四川省9所普通中学1613名初中生（平均年龄13.42岁,SD = 1.22）作为研究对象。被试匿名填写家庭经济压力问卷、教育价值观问卷、中国文化逆境信念量表以及学业成就问卷。结果表明：（1）在控制了性别、年龄等人口学变量后,家庭经济压力显著负向预测学业成就。（2）教育价值观在家庭经济压力与学业成就之间具有部分中介作用。（3）积极逆境信念能缓冲家庭经济压力对教育价值观的消极作用,进而减少对学业成就的不利影响。本研究证实了“读书无用论”是经济困难与学业成就的重要联系机制,并肯定了中国文化逆境信念对经济困难青少年的保护作用。这一内在保护机制的揭示对教育实践有一定的启示。     

The moderating role of positive beliefs about worry in the relationship between stressful events and worry

Some theorists suggest that worry is elevated by positive beliefs when stressful events occur. Although several cross-sectional studies have revealed an association between positive beliefs and worry, few longitudinal studies have been conducted on this topic. Moreover, the effect of positive beliefs as a moderator on worry when stressful events occur has not been investigated. Against this background, the present study conducted a two-wave longitudinal survey to examine the moderating role of positive beliefs. One hundred and ninety-four college students voluntarily completed questionnaires. Hierarchical regression analysis showed a prospective relationship between the experience of stressful events and the subjective report of worry. Moreover, this relationship was moderated by an interaction with positive beliefs; stressful events were a stronger predictor of the extent of worry for individuals with a high level of positive beliefs than for those with a low level of positive beliefs. The moderating role of positive beliefs suggests that the level of positive beliefs amplifies the threat of worry caused by stressful events.     

Medication beliefs and structural barriers to treatment adherence among people living with HIV infection

Background: People living in poverty face multiple structural challenges to medication adherence including lack of transportation, inadequate housing and food insecurity. The degree to which individuals’ motivations to remain adherent may overcome structural barriers has received limited attention.

Purpose: To examine whether medication necessity and concerns beliefs predict antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence over and above structural adherence barriers associated with poverty.

Methods: People living with HIV in a southern US city (N = 942) completed computerised interviews, an objective measure of adherence and HIV viral suppression obtained from medical records. Hierarchical logistic regression models were constructed to examine demographic and illness characteristics, structural barriers, mental health, substance use and medication necessity and concerns beliefs as predictors of ART adherence.

Results: In multivariable models, current drug use and medication necessity and concerns beliefs predicted treatment adherence over and above demographic, health, mental health and structural factors.

Conclusions: Medication beliefs are proximal and powerful motivating factors that predict adherence. Adherence interventions should directly address medication beliefs in developing strategies to manage barriers facing people with HIV living in poverty.