普遍价值如何可能?

任何一种价值观都是相对的,包括儒家的仁义礼智等.这种价值观得到了宣扬并被某些主体接受时,新主体因此而产生.主体的产生,从西方理性主义(康德、黑格尔等)的哲学角度来说,便是善良意志的发生；从中国儒家哲学的角度来说,便是诚意或德性的发生.意志、德性是存在的绝对者.绝对仅仅是存在自身(identity)的规定性.绝对,从时间的角度来说便是永恒,从空间的角度来说便是普遍,从逻辑的角度来说便是无限.主体接受外在、客观、相对的事实时,主体的意志、德性随之而产生.意志与德性的产生标志着永恒、普遍、无限的绝对者的形成.相对者走向了绝对者.普遍价值因此而可能.     

规范对于事实与价值二分的弥合——论哈贝马斯道德哲学视域下事实、价值与规范的三分结构

自休谟明确设定事实与价值之间的分立以来,横亘在两者之间的巨大鸿沟就成为后世哲学家不得不设法跨越的障碍.在道德哲学领域,元伦理学的开创者摩尔更是将以事实为基础推演出道德判断的论证模式称作“自然主义的谬误”,这也就在道德向度内彻底割裂了二者.为了克服这一问题,哈贝马斯抛弃旧形而上学的实体预设,将事实、价值、规范的三分结构整合入普遍语用学中,从而为道德知识之普遍性寻求到了坚实的基础.     

“今世赖之以知古,后世赖之以知今”——谈谈教会档案管理

得知《天风》＂每月话题＂栏目安排讨论＂关注教会档案管理＂这个话题,笔者不由得拍手叫好,这个问题实在该被重视了!由于众所周知的历史原因,改革开放之前的教会档案受到了严重的破坏,以致国内教会一直没有能够被公众普遍认可的＂中国基督教史＂问世。面对这个残酷的事实,很多同工都会为已经失去的档案资料扼腕叹息,可是,大家却似乎并未从中看到教会档案的重要价值及档案管理的重要意义。     

平等的价值:外在的与内在的

平等是现代社会普遍认可并致力于追求的一种核心价值.在当今这个贫富悬殊的世界,平等显得尤为重要和紧迫.然而,与此同时,人们对于平等的价值(尤其是它的内在价值)的认识并不十分清楚.对平等的追求可以有助于其他价值的实现,如自由、福祉、正义、尊严等,这表明平等具有外在(工具)价值.在某种程度上,不平等本身就是坏的,这表明了平等是具有内在价值的.     

论医学人文价值

医学的基本价值是救护生命,这是医学特有的、体现医学基本任务和基本目的的内在规定;离开了医学的基本价值,医学就不成其为医学.医学的人文价值是关爱生命,这是医学必有的、体现医学本质和终极目的的内在规定.求真、崇善、尚美、达圣是医学人文价值的本质.离开了医学的人文价值,医学就不成其为人的医学.     

谈心理学中的价值中立与价值负载

价值取向是心理学不可回避的一个问题。笔者从研究者的角度入手,阐述了价值中立与价值负载在哲学意义上的缘起和内涵;接下来从问题确定、方法选择、结果解释等方面结合具体的心理学理论和流派,对研究者的价值取向进行整理和研究;最后,理清了价值中立与价值负载的关系。研究者应该奉行适度的价值中立并坚持批判性的价值负载,尽可能地遵循心理现象的内在规律而减少主观干扰,从而不断接近价值中立状态以便促进心理学的有效发展。     

经济伦理的价值蕴含

本文试图从伦理意义揭示经济伦理的价值 ,认为经济伦理的价值应该是功利价值、道义价值与文化价值三个方面的统一。功利价值体现着经济伦理的经济本性 ,在于促成经济利益最大化 ;道义价值体现着经济伦理的伦理本性 ,旨在促成自利行为公益化 ;文化价值体现着经济伦理的文化本性 ,致力于促成物性文化人性化。     

正义：和谐社会建设的核心价值目标

关于当前中国和谐社会建设的核心价值目标出现了多种多样的说法.十种一元核心价值观和十种多元核心价值观在此简要被评点.通过对社会价值目标体系结构的分析,我们确立正义为当前中国和谐社会建设的核心价值目标,因为正义不仅是根本性的、紧迫性的、贯通性的、目的性的社会价值目标,是被普通民众感受得最强劲、最深切、最直接、最普遍的社会价值目标,而且是当前中国民众最强烈、最迫切地渴求的社会价值目标.     

价值多元主义审视

今天我们已进入一个价值多元化的时代,然则其理论基础价值多元主义却有着不可避免的内在紧张——一元与多元,与逻辑悖论一普遍与特殊,并有着滑向相对主义的危险。走出多元主义的这种困境,可能的出路在于在反基础主义的视野中,在实践中解决价值的冲突。     

改革开放以来我国伦理学研究的十大热点问题

改革开放以来,我国的伦理学研究围绕伦理学的基本问题、道德的本质、人道主义、集体主义、市场经济的伦理效应、权利与正义、制度伦理、普遍伦理、人对自然的伦理义务、克隆人的伦理合法性等十个主要问题展开了热烈而深入的讨论。通过对这十个热点问题的讨论,我国的伦理学研究不仅成功地实现了诸多重要的视角转换,而且还有效地论证和阐释了许多对现代伦理生活具有普遍意义的基本价值和道德规范。     

Sharing Values

In this paper, we consider one of the ways in which shared valuing is normatively significant. More specifically, we analyze the processes that can reliably provide normative grounding for the standing to rebuke others for their failures to treat something as valuable. Yet problems with grounding this normative standing quickly arise, as it is not immediately clear why shared valuing binds group members together in ways that can sustain the collective pursuit of shared ends. Responding to this difficulty is no easy task, since doing so requires demonstrating that the standing to call on one's fellow participants because of shared forms of valuing is not merely a side effect of members authority to call on their fellow participants to do their fair share in a collective endeavor. This is, to the best of our knowledge, a problem that the sparse literature on shared valuing has yet to consider. We argue that the best way to address this difficulty is to consider the real‐world complexity of how forms of valuing come to be shared within well‐structured collectives and how members internalize the evaluative tendencies that sustain shared valuing. To accomplish those ends, we examine two different ways that shared valuing is cultivated within well‐structured groups and the corresponding ways that members internalize forms of valuing; specifically, we examine differences between forms of valuing that are passed downward from the top of a group, as they are in the U.S. Military, and forms of valuing that bubble‐up through local patterns of interaction, as they do among the Zapatistas of Chiapas.     

A Reconceptualization of Values Clarification: Values Conflict Resolution

Values Clarification (VC) waxed during the 1970s and waned during the 1980s. Today, psychology lacks an empirically based intervention for helping individuals to clarify their values. In this article, the meteoric rise and then precipitous decline of VC are first described. Conservative religious and political criticisms as well as conceptual flaws within VC are discussed. A reconceptualization of VC that addresses the criticisms and flaws is then proposed. The goal of the reconceptualization is to revitalize the topic of values conflict and clarification, to stimulate a new generation of research, and to establish an empirically based guidance for practice.     

Vilification and Values

Social values are an important foundation of political attitudes, yet political controversies often embody conflicts between values, placing the citizen in an awkward position of having to prioritize competing values. One strategy is to consider the groups that are symbolically associated with the competing values. Groups held in high esteem will enhance associated values; groups held in disregard will diminish associated values. Persuasive communicators exploit this process by assailing groups that have been publicly associated with certain issue positions or values as “extreme” or “radical.” Even if the group represents a consensus value like equal opportunity, the extremist label suggests the group's agenda embodies an excessive and uncompromising imposition of this value. This article reports on four experiments that investigated how the extremist label can undermine support for a group's position. We further examine how reputation affects judgments of value priorities.     

Understanding Appalachian Values

This paper, which is based on the Model of Human Occupation, examined Southern Appalachian subcultural values through a review of the literature and two case studies. The subjects for this study were one male and one female both over the age of fifty and of the working class, who had lived in the Southern Appalachian region from birth to the time of the study. Values were assessed through interviews which consisted of a series of questions written by the investigator and based on the literature review, the Values Orientation Interview Schedule and an Activity Configuration. Results supported the literature which discusses the values of persons of the Southern Appalachian region which differ from those of the typical middle class American. The study reinforced the importance of occupational therapists integrating information on values and culture into the treatment planning process.     

Creativity and Values

ABSTRACT

Barron (1997 Barron , F. ( 1997 ). Introduction . In F. Barron , A. Montuori , & A. Barron (Eds.), Creators on creating (pp. 1 – 21 ). New York : Tarcher/Putnam . [Google Scholar]) and Helson (1990 Hall , W. B. , & MacKinnon , D. W. ( 1969 ). Personality inventory correlates of creative accomplishments . Journal of Applied Psychology , 53 , 322 – 236 .[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) independently have suggested that a central element in all forms of creativity is the desire or goal to be creative, implying creativity as a core value. Based on these assertions and Schwartz's (1992 Schwartz , S. H. ( 1992 ). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries . In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology ( Vol. 25 , pp. 1 – 26 ). San Diego , CA : Academic Press .[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) theory, we tested the prediction that creative individuals will hold a different values system than their less creative counterparts. University students (N = 278) completed the Schwartz Values Survey (Schwartz, 1992 Schwartz , S. H. ( 1992 ). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries . In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology ( Vol. 25 , pp. 1 – 26 ). San Diego , CA : Academic Press .[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]), as well as a behaviorally-based self-report measure of creative accomplishments. At separate occasions, 134 of these participants also devised three creative products rated by the consensual assessment method. In keeping with prediction, creative accomplishments and products correlated significantly not only with the self-direction value composite (both including and excluding the individual item creativity), but also universalism and stimulation. Accomplishments and products correlated negatively with the value composites of tradition, security, and power. These results support the view that creativity is grounded in values, and support Schwartz's model of the dynamic structure of values as a predictor of behavior.