A Comprehensive Framework for the Analysis of Ethical Behavior,with a Focus on Sales Organizations

A model describing the process of ethical decision making is proposed. This model, termed the Ethical Decision/Action Process (EDAP), expands on the scope of prior models, and uses a four-component moral decision structure as its central focus. The behaviors which take place within the moral decision structure are influenced by the decision maker's characteristics and decision outcomes, and can vary in light of situational moderators. Research results related to the model configuration are presented and analyzed, drawn from selling, sales management, and other settings. Research and management implications are provided.     

Diversity and the Imagined Community: Immigrant Diversity and Conceptions of National Identity

As immigrant diversity increases across most developed democracies, there is an increasing concern that perceived threats to mainstream interests (both cultural and economic) will produce an ethnocentric response. This study approaches the question using survey measures that explicitly tap respondents' normative conception of membership in the national community. Based on cross‐sectional and over‐time analysis of the ISSP's “National Identity Module,” it shows that more immigrant‐exclusive definitions of the national ingroup are linked to both contextual and individual measures of cultural threat. Perceived economic threat at the individual level is also powerfully linked to this outcome, but contextual measures of economic prosperity are not. This finding lends weight to the argument that increasing levels of immigrant diversity are a threat to an inclusive sense of national identity that includes both natives and immigrants.     

A Framework for the Study of Positive Deviance in Organizations

Positive deviance describes behavior that deviates from salient norms, yet is positive in its intention or effect. It has received considerable attention in the sociology literature, and is increasingly being studied in the context of the workplace. The development of a cumulative tradition in this domain, however, is hindered by the continued coexistence of multiple definitions of positive deviance in organizations and the use of various measurements and research designs. In this article, we synthesize existing definitions and approaches to the organizational study of positive deviance, integrate them into a coherent conceptual framework, and offer methodological advice and illustrations.     

A Framework for Understanding the Wounding of Healers

This article presents a theoretical framework that outlines the process whereby mental health practitioners become “wounded healers” through interactions in their work and training environments. Critical incident constructs are defined and explored. A framework for evaluating incidents is offered, and authority responses to a critical incident are discussed.     

Immigrant Employment Success in Canada, Part II: Understanding the Decline

Research on the trend toward declining employment success for successive cohorts of immigrants to Canada—despite increases in their levels of education—has identified a number of statistical regularities as having potential explanatory relevance. Particularly for the period since 1980, the statistical regularities appear to be related only partly to changes in the individual characteristics of immigrants; they point also to the significance of contextual factors and changing processes within labour markets. This review illustrates how the search for explanations should probe the impact of broader labour market changes, and a wider range of determinants of immigrants employment success, reviewed in the companion article, Part I: Individual and Contextual Causes.     

组织内领导越轨行为研究：概念、诱因与结果

领导越轨行为是指领导者在工作场所中故意违反重要的组织规范的行为。通过整合分析组织内越轨行为和领导行为两个领域的相关研究发现, 领导越轨行为的诱因大致包括个体因素(个性特征、个体知觉和人口学变量)和情境因素(组织文化、工作特征和人际影响)两类, 并且主要通过社会比较、社会心理和社会交换三条路径进一步影响下属的工作绩效。未来研究应从行为客体(组织-人际)和行为动机(利己-利他)两个角度对领导越轨行为的内涵进行纵深拓展, 并进一步考察不同诱因的交互影响以及领导越轨行为的作用机制。     

现实理性：一个理解经济行为的框架

该将人类理性的现实表现作为理解经济行为的框架。该框架强调,主观上人类有效用最大化的追求,但由于感知觉和思维加工能力的缺陷,行为表现经常偏离理论理性。章从认知心理学的角度介绍Kahneman和Tversky的主要研究成果,包括影响最大的前景理论,其他有关算法式和偏误的研究,以及决策和情绪的关系。章的最后还介绍对Kahneman和Tversky的批评。     

组织中的揭发行为：决策过程及多层次的理论框架

组织中的揭发行为是员工对工作场所中的违法、破坏规则和不道德行为的检举揭露,是及时纠正组织中错误行为的有效机制。文章回顾了组织中揭发行为的研究起源、概念及测量方法;从不同理论视角探讨了揭发行为的决策过程;从多个层面系统梳理了揭发意愿或行为的影响因素和产生机制;归纳了揭发行为实践的影响结果。提出未来研究应关注跨学科视角的个体前因、区分特定情境变量的影响、探索行为产生机制和开展本土化揭发行为研究等问题。     

Understanding Psychological Safety in Health Care and Education Organizations: A Comparative Perspective

Psychological safety plays a vital role in helping people overcome barriers to learning and change in interpersonally challenging work environments. This article focuses on two such contexts—health care and education. The authors theorize differences in psychological safety based on work type, hierarchical status, and leadership effectiveness. Consistent with prior research, the authors employ cross-industry comparison to highlight distinctive features of different professions. The goal is to illuminate similarities and differences with implications for future psychological safety research. To do this, the authors review relevant literature and present analyses of large data samples in each industry to stimulate further research on psychological safety in both sectors, separately and together.     

The Understanding and Treatment of Immigrant Trauma Survivors: Finding the Right Mix

This paper reviews attempts by three authors to describe psychoanalytic conceptualizations and treatment of torture victims. It argues that because the transference-countertransference configuration with immigrants who have not suffered torture is very similar to that of torture survivors, that no special diagnostic categories, theories, or treatment methods are needed to work with torture survivors. Second, the paper contends that newer psychoanalytic paradigms such as Hoffman's Social Constructivism may assist clinicians to capture the richness and complexity of clinical work with torture survivors better than do traditional analytic conceptions such as neutrality. Via an analysis of the three papers in this volume, I conclude with a consideration of the strengths and the weaknesses of the field of cross-cultural psychotherapy in general.     

Socioeconomic Diversity Among African Immigrants in the United States: An Intra-African Immigrant Comparison

Recent studies on Black immigrants in the USA report higher than average socioeconomic and educational attainment for African immigrants. Based on an intra-African immigrant comparison, we examine the generalizability of this finding to African groups of differing countries and regions using data from the 1990 and 2000 5 % U.S. census Integrated Public Use Microdata Samples (IPUMS). We specifically ask whether hourly earnings of African immigrants vary by region of origin. Results of our analyses reveal that sending region is an important determinant of variations in hourly earnings among African immigrants. Also, data indicate that both race and gender are significantly associated with earning outcomes; with the earnings of males and whites significantly higher than those of females and blacks. We discuss these findings in the context of the so-called “black immigrant success story.”     

Challenges in Counseling Immigrant Clients: Understanding Intercultural Barriers to Career Adjustment

The current article discusses cross-cultural barriers encountered by immigrant clients. Adjustment issues in the following areas are discussed: psychological effects of moving to a new culture, communication, and employment.     

Gender and Sex Diversity in Sport Organizations: Concluding Comments

This article utilizes the work found within the special issue to note that sport as an institution still serves to produce, reinforce, and perpetuate male hegemony. However, it additionally argues that the collective works point to progress in some areas of sport. It highlights the ideas for future research regarding sex and gender diversity in sport and notes that these concerns are often situated in multi-level, sometimes subtle, and usually taken-for-granted structures, policies, and behaviors embedded in sport organizations. It concludes with a call for continued work in this area.     

A Comprehensive Literature Review of the Rank Reversal Phenomenon in the Analytic Hierarchy Process

During the last few decades, several multi‐criteria decision analysis methods have been proposed to help in selecting the best compromise alternatives. Among them, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and its applications have attracted much attention from academics and practitioners. However, since the early 1980s, critics have raised questions regarding its proper use. One of them concerns the unacceptable changes in the ranks of the alternatives, called rank reversal, upon changing the structure of the decision. Several modifications were suggested to preserve ranks. In this paper, a classification scheme and a comprehensive literature review are presented in order to uncover, classify and interpret the current research on AHP methodologies and rank reversals. On the basis of the scheme, 61 scholarly papers from 18 journals are categorized into specific areas. The specific areas include the papers on the topics of adding/deleting alternatives and the papers published in adding/deleting criteria. The scholarly papers are also classified by (1) year of publication, (2) journal of publication, (3) authors' geographic location and (4) using the AHP in association with other methods. It is hoped that the paper can meet the needs of researchers and practitioners for convenient references of AHP methodologies and rank reversals and hence promote the future of rank reversal research. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.