Job satisfaction research of 1966-67

This review of job satisfaction research is the 24th in a series. It covers earlier studies not previously reviewed in this series as well as 103 reports published in 1966-67 relating job satisfaction to some 53 variables. The format—overview, variables investigated, current emphases—has become standard in this series. Earlier summaries will be found in Job Satisfaction by Robert Hoppock (Harper & Bros., 1935), in Occupations (April 1938, October 1940, February 1943, April 1945, April 1948, December 1948, December 1949, October 1950, May 1951, May 1952), and in the Personnel and Guidance Journal (September 1953, September 1954, May 1955, May 1956, September 1957, September 1958, May 1959, September 1960, December 1961, November 1962, October 1963, December 1964, December 1966). Readers are invited to notify the authors of research appropriate for review in future surveys.     

A review of: “Le Séminaire,livre V. Les formations de l'inconscient 1957-1958”

Jacques Lacan, Le Séminaire, livre V. Les formations de l'inconscient 1957-1958 [The Seminar, Book V. the Formations of the Unconscious, 1957-1958], ed. Jacques-Alain Miller, Paris: Seuil, 220 francs     

Cognitive gender differences: A developmental perspective

This article reviews the developmental literature on cognitive gender differences and compares past and present trends in gender differences, by age, from the standardizations of the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (1949–1981) and the California Achievement Tests (CAT; 1956–1985). Consistent with prior research, decreases in gender differences were found for adolescents. For children, gender differences were small or nonexistent in the Wechsler and CAT norms from 1949–1985. For adults, notable gender differences were often found on the subtests of the Wechsler scales, and have remained relatively constant over the past generation.I would like to thank Donald Ross Green for providing me with Clark's (1958) paper.     

A linear conservative extension of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory

In this paper, we develop the system LZF of set theory with the unrestricted comprehension in full linear logic and show that LZF is a conservative extension of ZF^– i.e., the Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory without the axiom of regularity. We formulate LZF as a sequent calculus with abstraction terms and prove the partial cut-elimination theorem for it. The cut-elimination result ensures the subterm property for those formulas which contain only terms corresponding to sets in ZF^–. This implies that LZF is a conservative extension of ZF^– and therefore the former is consistent relative to the latter. Hiroakira Ono     

The Logical Structure of Linguistic Commitment III Brandomian Scorekeeping and Incompatibility

Curiously, though he provides in Making It Explicit (MIE) elaborate accounts of various representational idioms, of anaphora and deixis, and of quantification, Robert Brandom nowhere attempts to lay out how his understanding of content and his view of the role of logical idioms combine in even the simplest cases of what he calls paradigmatic logical vocabulary. That is, Brandom has a philosophical account of content as updating potential – as inferential potential understood in the sense of commitment or entitlement preservation – and says that the point of logical vocabulary is to make available the expressive resources to make explicit such semantic structures as arise from discursive scorekeeping practice. Thus, one would expect an account of the updating or inferential potential of sentences involving logical vocabulary, an account which is such as to assign to those sentences the inferential significance necessary for this expressive job. In short, one would expect a semantics of logical vocabulary – &, , – in terms of the difference an assertion of a sentence involving it makes to the atomic score of a linguistic agent, and a completeness proof for the logic generated by this semantics. Despite this, no such semantics is given in MIE. It is in the current paper.     

The relationships among time,distance, and intensity as determinants of motion discrimination

The threshold stimulus for visual motion discrimination was analyzed into the constituent parameters of velocity, i.e., time and distance, with both of these primary variables subject-determined. It was found that, given a constant stimulus luminance, motion threshold was characterized generally by a “trade-off” or inverse power relationship between time and distance of movement. Earlier reports of energy constancy at threshold (R. H. Brown, 1955, 1957, 1958), implying threshold relationships incompatible with these, were confirmed only for the atypical conditions of high-velocity/low-Iuminance stimuli and were attributed to absolute visibility requirements. Under more general and representative conditions, threshold was relatively insensitive to luminance. The present results were also contrasted with earlier findings (Graham. 1968) of distance or “displacement” constancy at threshold, pertaining to movement between stationary start and stop positions.     

Factors Associated with the Participation of Women Doctorates in the Labor Force

Participation in the labor force by 1,547 women doctorates of 1957 and 1958 and the factors associated with their career development and commitment were examined. 91 per cent of the women doctorates of 1957 and 1958 are in the labor force at present, and of those, 81 per cent work full time. When a woman doctorate's family responsibilities are greatest, i.e., during the rearing of her pre-school children, she is not as likely to participate fully in the labor force. However, if the married woman doctorate has demonstrated an early career commitment, she persists likewise later on.     

The Evolution of Principia Mathematica; Bertrand Russell's Manuscripts and Notes for the Second Edition

This paper deals with Popper's little-known work on deductive logic, published between 1947 and 1949. According to his theory of deductive inference, the meaning of logical signs is determined by certain rules derived from ‘inferential definitions’ of those signs. Although strong arguments have been presented against Popper's claims (e.g. by Curry, Kleene, Lejewski and McKinsey), his theory can be reconstructed when it is viewed primarily as an attempt to demarcate logical from non-logical constants rather than as a semantic foundation for logic. A criterion of logicality is obtained which is based on conjunction, implication and universal quantification as fundamental logical operations.     

What are the possibilities for coordinating education information databases?

ERIC is the closest thing to a national database covering the field of education and yet ERIC's coverage is not comprehensive and responsibility for providing information concerning educational resources of all types is fragmented. Given that ERIC cannot obtain the resources to increase its coverage, this article outlines what can be done to coordinate the various existing education information databases. Coordination is seen as possible both during database generation and the later search and retrieval phase. Specific recommendations are provided for four defined stages: (1) Coverage/Acquisitions/Selection; (2) Processing (Cataloging/Indexing/Abstracting); (3) Finding the Right Database to Search (Referral); (4) Retrieval. Ted Brandhorst is the director of the ERIC Processing and reference Facility, the centralized editorial, computerized processing, and database management facility for the ERIC network. He graduated from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1955 and obtained his M.L.S. there in 1957. He came to the Library of Congress in 1959 as a Special Intern and has worked in virtually every division of that library. From 1962–1969 he served as the Assistant Director of the NASA Scientific and Technical Information Facility. He joined ERIC as Director of the ERIC Facility in 1970.     

A Functional Analysis of Psychological Terms Redux

In his seminal paper, “An Operational Analysis of Psychological Terms,” Skinner (1945) offered the revolutionary suggestion that, rather than endlessly debating the meanings of psychological terms, psychologists should analyze the variables that control their occurrence as verbal behavior. Skinner''s suggestion reflected the essence of his 1957 book, Verbal Behavior, wherein he argued that the behaviors of which language is composed (i.e., speaking and listening) are controlled by variables found in the social environment (which he called the verbal community), and that analyzing those variables would lead to an understanding of the behaviors. Although Skinner formally introduced his radical approach to language in 1945, it has yet to be fully realized. The result is that psychologists, including behavior analysts, still debate the definitions of terms. In the present paper, I review Skinner''s functional approach to language and describe ways in which behavior analysts have already applied it to traditional psychological terms. I conclude by looking at other current terms in behavior analysis that engender some confusion and encourage behavior analysts to apply a functional analytic approach to their own verbal behavior.     

Chunk and Permeate,a Paraconsistent Inference Strategy. Part I: The Infinitesimal Calculus

In this paper we introduce a paraconsistent reasoning strategy, Chunk and Permeate. In this, information is broken up into chunks, and a limited amount of information is allowed to flow between chunks. We start by giving an abstract characterisation of the strategy. It is then applied to model the reasoning employed in the original infinitesimal calculus. The paper next establishes some results concerning the legitimacy of reasoning of this kind – specifically concerning the preservation of the consistency of each chunk – and concludes with some other possible applications and technical questions.     

Is gerontology a branch of astrology? The role of advanced age in scientific explanation

Although gerontologists have been troubled by meta-scientific problems such as the proper definition of their discipline, the nature of time and age, and the lack of a nonarbitrary distinction between the old and the not old [e.g., Baltes & Goulet (1970) In Life-span developmental psychology (pp. 4–23). New York: Academic Press; Birren (1959) In Handbook of aging and theindividual (pp. 3–42). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; McKee (1982) Philosophical foundations of gerontology. New York: Human Sciences Press; Reese & Overton (1970) In Life-span developmental psychology (pp. 116–149). New York: Academic Press; Wohlwill (1970) Psychological Review, 77, 49–647], philosophers of science have paid little attention to the meta-scientific problems of gerontology. In this paper some philosophical problems in gerontology are examined through an analysis of the nature of scientific explanation. An argument is presented that claims that gerontology avoids many of the meta-scientific problems associated with time and advanced chronological age because these terms will tend to be obviated or “screened off” in scientific explanations in gerontology.     

Book Reviews

Book review in this article.
M errill , H arwood F., and M arting , E lizabeth . (Eds.) Developing Executive Skills: New Patterns for Management Growth . New York: American Management Association, Inc., 1958. Pp. 431. $9.00.
L eavitt , H arold J. Managerial Psychology . Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1958. Pp. xi + 335. $5.00.
C alhoon , R ichard P., N oland , E. W illiam , and W hitehill , A rthur M., J r . Cases on Human Relations in Management . New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1958. Pp. viii + 444. $6.00.
G ross , N eal , M ason , W ard S., and M c E achern , A lexander W. Explorations in Role Analysis: Studies of the School Superintendency Role . New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1958. Pp. xiv + 379. $8.75.
H eider , F ritz . The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations . New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1958. Pp. ix + 322. $6.25.
M c C ormick , E rnest , J. Human Engineering . New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1957. Pp. xi + 467. $8.00.
B ellows , R oger , B ellows , C arol S., E step , M. F rances , R ush , C arl H., S choll , C harles E., and W ilson , R onald F. Workbook in Industrial Psychology and Personnel Management . Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Company, 1957. Pp. iv + 94. $2.40.
Y oder , D ale , H eneman , H. G., J r ., T urnbull , J ohn G., and S tone , C. H arold . Handbook of Personnel Management and Labor Relations . New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1958. Pp. v + approximately 1200. $12.50.
C hamberlain , N eil W., P ierson , F rank C., and W olfson , T heresa . (Eds.) A Decade of Industrial Relations Research, 1946–1956: An Appraisal of the Literature in the Field . New York: Harper & Brothers, 1958. Pp. viii + 205. $3.50.     

Eliminating the IQ-RT correlation by eliminating an experimental confound

Three experiments investigated the relation between visual scanning demands, reaction time (RT), and psychometrically defined intelligence (IQ). Prior studies have shown reliable correlations between RT and IQ in the range of −.20 to −.80. However, these studies have confounded the number of possible stimuli (stimulus uncertainty) with the size of the area in which the stimuli may appear (visual angle). Experiment 1 replicated these studies retaining this confound. As the number of stimuli increased from one to eight, the visual angle was permitted to increase as well (from 0° to 30°). The results showed that RT varied in accord with Hick's (1952) law, and a median correlation between IQ and six RT parameters (subjects' mean RTs and standard deviations at three levels of stimulus uncertainty) of −.47 was observed. Experiment 2 removed the confound, varying only stimulus uncertainty, and the median IQ-RT correlation declined to −.02. Experiment 3 held stimulus uncertainty constant at 1 bit (two stimuli) and varied visual angle; a median correlation of −.19 was observed. It was concluded that many of the previously reported correlations may not have hinged on speed of information processing alone, but at least in part on subjects' abilities to scan the display across which the stimuli appeared.     

Book Reviews

Book review in this article.
B ook R eview S ection
F ear , R ichard A. The Evaluation Interview: Predicting Job Performance in Business and Industry . New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1958. Pp. xii + 288. $6.00.
R othstein , J erome . Communication, Organization and Science . Indian Hills, Colorado: The Falcon's Wing Press, 1957. Pp. xcvi + 110. $3.50.
P ieper , F rank . Modular Management and Human Leadership . Minneapolis: Methods Press, Publishers, 1958. Pp. 288. $6.50, either cloth bound or plastic back-and-cover manual.
M enninger , W illiam C., and L evinson , H arry . Human Understanding in Industry: A Guide for Supervisors . (With a separate Leader's Guide ) Chicago: Science Research Associates, 1956. Pp. 104. $2.25, the book; $0.50, the Leader's Guide .
M urphy , D ennis , Better Business Communication . New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1957. Pp. ix + 306. $4.50.
R amfalk , C. W. Top Management Selection . Stockholm: The Swedish Council for Personnel Administration, 1957. Pp. 203.28 Swed. crowns.
Assessing Managerial Potential . (Report of a Seminar) Ann Arbor, Mich.: Foundation for Research on Human Behavior, 1958. Pp. 83. $3.00.
F arnsworth , P. R., and M c N emar , Q. Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 9, 1958 . Palo Alto, Calif.: Annual Reviews, Inc., 1958. Pp. vii + 543. $7.00.     

On the relationship between Karen Horney's tripartite neurotic type theory and personality disorder features

[Horney, 1945] and [Horney, 1950] interpersonal theory [Horney, K. (1945). Our inner conflicts. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.; Horney, K. (1950). Neurosis and human growth. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.] postulated that individuals could move toward, move against, and move away from others as manifestations of their character development. In the present studies, it was hypothesized that Horney's tripartite theory might be useful in the elucidation of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders personality disorder features. In the first study, college students (n=198) completed the Coolidge Axis II Inventory [CATI; Coolidge, F. L. (1999), Coolidge Assessment Battery Manual. Port Huron, MI: Sigma Assessment Systems and Coolidge, F. L., & Merwin, M. M. (1992). Reliability and viability of the Coolidge Axis II Inventory: a new inventory for the assessment of personality disorders. Journal of Personality Assessment, 59, 223–238] and Cohen's 1967 35-item test [Cohen, J. B. (1967). An interpersonal orientation to the study of consumer behaviour. Journal of Marketing Research, 4, 270–278] of Horney's three types: Compliant, Aggressive, and Detached. In the second study, another group of college students (n=881) completed the CATI and Coolidge's 57-item test of Horney's three types. Results showed that both scales were reliable, generally similar, and numerous predicted correlational relationships were found. The usefulness of Horney's constructs in the understanding of personality disorders was discussed.     

Experimenter Modeling Effects as Determinants of Subject's Responses

Abstract

Ames, Louise Bates, Metraux, Ruth W., Walker, Richard N. Adolescent Rorschach Responses. New York: Paul B. Hoeber, 1959, xi plus 313. $8.50. Reviewed by Mortimer M. Meyer

Bass, B. F. and Berg, I. A. Objective Approaches to Personality Assessment. New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1959, pp. x-233. $4.95. Reviewed by Wilson H. Guertin

Bellak, L. (Ed.), Ostow, M., Pumpian-Mindlin, E., Stanton, A. H., and Szasz, T. S. Conceptual and methodological problems in psychoanalysis. New York: Annals of the N. Y. Academy of Sciences, 1959, p. 973–1134. Reviewed by A. I. Rabin

Buros, Oscar K. (Ed.) The fifth mental measurements yearbook. Highland Park, N.J.: Gryphon Press, 1959. Reviewed by Bertram R. Forer

Caligor, Leopold. A New Approach to Figure Drawing. Springfield, III.: Charles Thomas, Publisher, 1957, pp. 148, $4.50. Reviewed by Emanuel F. Hammer, Ph.D.

Hallower, Molly. Personality Change and Development. New York and London: Grune &; Stratton. 1958. 383 pp. $10.00. Reviewed by Theodore H. Blau

Ledwith, Nettie H. Rorschach responses of elementary school children. Pittsburgh: Univ. Pittsburgh Press, 1959. Reviewed by Mortimer M. Meyer

Tomkins, Silvan S. and Miner, John B. PAT Interpretation. Springer Publishing Company, Inc., New York, 1959. 184 pp. Reviewed by Leonard P. Ullmann     

Intraorganizational and interorganizational job change: A discriminant analysis

Using March and Simon's (1958) participation model as a framework, this study employs the 1973–77 Quality of Employment Survey panel data to compare the determinants of intraorganizational and interorganizational job change. Two discriminant functions were significant, the first distinguishing between intraorganizational changers and stayers and the second between interorganizational changers and stayers. Moreover, the variables that distinguished between intraorganizational changers and stayers were either different from or opposite in influence to those distinguishing between interorganizational changers and stayers.     

The Undecidability of Iterated Modal Relativization

In dynamic epistemic logic and other fields, it is natural to consider relativization as an operator taking sentences to sentences. When using the ideas and methods of dynamic logic, one would like to iterate operators. This leads to iterated relativization. We are also concerned with the transitive closure operation, due to its connection to common knowledge. We show that for three fragments of the logic of iterated relativization and transitive closure, the satisfiability problems are fi1 ¹₁–complete. Two of these fragments do not include transitive closure. We also show that the question of whether a sentence in these fragments has a finite (tree) model is fi0 ⁰₁–complete. These results go via reduction to problems concerning domino systems.