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1.
Identifying the respective functions of distinct call types is an important step towards understanding the diversification
of mammal vocal repertoires. Red deer (Cervus elaphus) stags give two distinct types of roars during the rut, termed ‘common roars’ and ‘harsh roars’. This study tests the hypothesis
that harsh roars function to raise and maintain female attention to calling males. To this end, we examined the response of
female red deer to playback sequences of common roar bouts including a bout of harsh roars midway through the sequence. We
found that females not only substantially increased their attention to the bout of harsh roars but also then maintained overall
higher attention levels to subsequent common roar bouts. Our results suggest that the specific acoustic characteristics of
male red deer harsh roar bouts may have evolved to engage and maintain the attention of female receivers during the breeding
season. More generally, they indicate a possible evolutionary path for the diversification of male sexual vocal repertoires. 相似文献
2.
Sound categorisation plays a crucial role for processing ecological and social stimuli in a species’ natural environment.
To explore the discrimination and evaluation of sound stimuli in human babies and nonhuman primates, a reciprocal habituation-dishabituation
paradigm has been successfully introduced into auditory research. We applied the reciprocal paradigm for the first time to
a non-primate mammal, the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri), to examine to what extent non-primate mammals share the ability to evaluate communication calls with primates. Playback
stimuli were three types of communication calls, differing distinctively in context and acoustic structure, as well as two
artificial control sounds, differing solely in frequency. We assessed the attention towards the playback stimuli by the latency
to respond to the test stimulus. Subjects evaluated pairs of communication call types as well as the artificial playback stimuli.
Attention towards the test stimuli differed significantly in strength for one pair of communication calls, with subjects dishabituating
faster to one category than the other. The comparison of a second pair of communication calls did not show significant differences.
Interestingly, subjects also evaluated the artificial control sounds. Findings are only partly in line with results on human
and non-human primates. They provided first evidence that in non-primate mammals acoustic evaluation is not solely affected
by the sound-associated context but is also linked to unusualness and acoustic cues, such as peak frequency. 相似文献
3.
Diego Marconi 《Erkenntnis》2006,65(3):301-318
The claim that truth is mind dependent has some initial plausibility only if truth bearers are taken to be mind dependent
entities such as beliefs or statements. Even on that assumption, however, the claim is not uncontroversial. If it is spelled
out as the thesis that “in a world devoid of mind nothing would be true”, then everything depends on how the phrase ‘true
in world w’ is interpreted. If ‘A is true in w’ is interpreted as ‘A is true of
w’ (i.e. ‘w satisfies A’s truth conditions’, the claim need not be true. If on the other hand it is interpreted as ‘A is true of w
and exists in w’ then the claim is trivially true, though devoid of any antirealistic efficacy. Philosophers like Heidegger and Rorty, who
hold that truth is mind dependent but reality is not, must regard such principles as “A if and only if it is true that A”
as only contingently true, which may be a good reason to reject the mind dependence of truth anyway. 相似文献
4.
Roger Harris 《Axiomathes》2010,20(4):461-478
There are, broadly, three sorts of account of intrinsicality: ‘self-sufficiency’, ‘essentiality’ and ‘pure qualitativeness’.
I argue for the last of these, and urge that we take intrinsic properties of concrete objects to be all and only those shared
by actual or possible duplicates, which only differ extrinsically. This approach gains support from Francescotti’s approach:
defining ‘intrinsic’ in contradistinction to extrinsic properties which ‘consist in’ relations which rule out intrinsicality.
I answer Weatherson’s criticisms of Francescotti, but, to answer criticisms of my own, I amend his account, proposing that
possession of an extrinsic property consists in a relation to one or more actual or possible distinct concrete objects. Finally I indicate ways to avoid some apparent objections to this account. 相似文献
5.
Dawn M. Kitchen Thore J. Bergman Dorothy L. Cheney James R. Nicholson Robert M. Seyfarth 《Animal cognition》2010,13(6):861-870
A growing body of evidence suggests that a wide range of animals can recognize and respond appropriately to calls produced
by other species. Social learning has been implicated as a possible mechanism by which heterospecific call recognition might
develop. To examine whether familiarity and/or shared vulnerability with the calling species might influence the ability of
sympatric species to distinguish heterospecific alarm calls, we tested whether four ungulate species (impala: Aepyceros melampus; tsessebe: Damaliscus lunatus; zebra: Equus burchelli; wildebeest: Connochaetes taurinus) could distinguish baboon (Papio hamadryas ursinus) alarm calls from other loud baboon calls produced during intra-specific aggressive interactions (‘contest’ calls). Overall,
subjects’ responses were stronger following playback of alarm calls than contest calls. Of the species tested, impala showed
the strongest responses and the greatest difference in composite response scores, suggesting they were best able to differentiate
call types. Compared with the other ungulate species, impala are the most frequent associates of baboons. Moreover, like baboons,
they are susceptible to both lion and leopard attacks, whereas leopards rarely take the larger ungulates. Although it seems
possible that high rates of association and/or shared vulnerability may influence impala’s greater ability to distinguish
among baboon call types, our results point to a stronger influence of familiarity. Ours is the first study to compare such
abilities among several community members with variable natural histories, and we discuss future experiments that would more
systematically examine development of these skills in young ungulates. 相似文献
6.
Bouchet H Blois-Heulin C Pellier AS Zuberbühler K Lemasson A 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2012,126(1):45-56
Acoustic variability and individual distinctiveness of vocal signals are expected to vary with both their communicative function and the need for individual recognition during social interactions. So far, few attempts have been made to comparatively study these features across the different call types within a species' vocal repertoire. We collected recordings of the six most common call types from 14 red-capped mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus) to assess intra- and interindividual acoustic variability, using a range of temporal and frequency parameters. Acoustic variability was highest in contact and threat calls, intermediate in food calls, and lowest in loud and alarm calls. Individual distinctiveness was high in contact, threat, loud and alarm calls, and low in food calls. In sum, calls mediating intragroup social interactions were structurally most variable and individually most distinctive, highlighting the key role that social factors must have played in the evolution of the vocal repertoire in this species. We discuss these findings in light of existing hypotheses of acoustic variability in primate vocal behavior. 相似文献
7.
Sascia Pavan 《Erkenntnis》2010,73(2):145-163
In the first exposition of the doctrine of indeterminacy of translation, Quine asserted that the individuation and translation
of truth-functional sentential connectives like ‘and’, ‘or’, ‘not’ are not indeterminate. He changed his mind later on, conjecturing
that some sentential connectives might be interpreted in different non-equivalent ways. This issue has not been debated much
by Quine, or in the subsequent literature, it is, as it were, an unsolved problem, not well understood. For the sake of the
argument, I will adopt Quine’s background assumption that all the semantic features of a language can be reduced to the speakers’
dispositions toward assent and dissent, as far as only the truth-conditional core of the meaning of sentences is concerned.
I will put forward an argument to the effect that the speech dispositions of most, if not all, English (French, Italian, etc.)
speakers constrain a unique translation of their connectives. This argument crucially relies on an empirical conjecture concerning
the behaviour of these operators. 相似文献
8.
Shane Mackinlay 《Sophia》2010,49(4):499-507
In his essay The Origin of the Work of Art, Martin Heidegger discusses three examples of artworks: a painting by Van Gogh of peasant shoes, a poem about a Roman fountain,
and a Greek temple. The new entry on Heidegger’s aesthetics in the Stanford Encylopedia of Philosophy, written by Iain Thomson, focuses on this essay, and Van Gogh’s painting in particular. It argues that Heidegger uses Van
Gogh’s painting to set art, as the happening of truth, in relation to ‘nothing’, which is a key term in Heidegger’s essays
leading up to The Origin of the Work of Art. This paper extends a similar analysis to the Greek temple as a way of offering an exposition of Heidegger’s concerns in
the essay. It begins by briefly outlining Thomson’s argument that Heidegger relates Van Gogh’s painting to ‘nothing’, and
indicating the way this argument can be extended to the Greek temple. It then discusses three ways in which ‘nothing’ can
open up the significance of the temple as a work of art in which truth happens: (1) it is not concerned with objective representation;
(2) it depicts the primal strife of earth and world, concealing and unconcealing; (3) it is fundamentally historical. 相似文献
9.
Ming Xu 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2006,35(6):599-619
We prove some embedding theorems for classical conditional logic, covering ‘finitely cumulative’ logics, ‘preferential’ logics and what we call ‘semi-monotonic’ logics. Technical tools called ‘partial frames’ and ‘frame morphisms’ in the context of neighborhood semantics are used in the proof. 相似文献
10.
The motif of the ‘drama of being’ is a dominant thread that spans the entirety of Levinas's six decades of authorship. As
we will see, from the start of his writing career, Levinas consciously frames the tension between ontology and ethics in a
dramatic form. A careful exposition of this motif and other related theatrical metaphors in his work–-such as ‘intrigue,’
‘plot,’ and ‘scene’–-can offer us not only a better appreciation of the evolution of Levinas's thought, but also of his proper
place within the western philosophical tradition. Levinas accuses western philosophers of being exclusively attuned to what
he calls the ‘drama of existence.’ And even then, philosophers have eluded the implications of the tragic fatalism that define
this drama. Philosophers are generally unaware of an ‘other scene’ that radically alters the fatalistic logic of the ontological
drama. Levinas calls this other scene the ‘ethical intrigue.’ 相似文献
11.
Corey J. Maley 《Philosophical Studies》2011,155(1):117-131
Representation is central to contemporary theories regarding the mind/brain. But the nature of representation—both in the
mind/brain and more generally—is a source of ongoing controversy. One way of categorizing representational types is to distinguish
between the analog and the digital: the received view is that analog representations vary smoothly, while digital representations
vary in a step-wise manner. In other words, ‘digital’ is synonymous with ‘discrete’, while ‘analog’ is synonymous with ‘continuous’.
I argue that this characterization is inadequate to account for the ways in which representation is (and should be) used in
cognitive science; in its place, I suggest an alternative taxonomy. I will defend and extend David Lewis’s account of analog
and digital representation, distinguishing analog from continuous representation, as well as digital from discrete representation.
I will argue that the distinctions available in this fourfold account better accord with representational features of interest
in cognitive science than the received analog/digital dichotomy. 相似文献
12.
Alban Lemasson Anaïs Boutin Sarah Boivin Catherine Blois-Heulin Martine Hausberger 《Animal cognition》2009,12(5):693-704
Many animal species that rely mainly on calls to communicate produce individual acoustic structures, but we wondered whether
individuals of species better known as visual communicants, with small vocal repertoires, would also exhibit individual distinctiveness
in calls. Moreover, theoretical advances concerning the evolution of social intelligence are usually based on primate species
data, but relatively little is known about the social cognitive capacities of non-primate mammals. However, some non-primate
species demonstrate auditory recognition of social categories and possess mental representation of their social network. Horses
(Equus caballus) form stable social networks and although they display a large range of visual signals, they also use long-distance whinny
calls to maintain contact. Here, we investigated the potential existence of individual acoustic signatures in whinny calls
and the ability of horses to discriminate by ear individuals varying in their degree of familiarity. Our analysis of the acoustic
structure of whinnies of 30 adult domestic horses (ten stallions, ten geldings, ten mares) revealed that some of the frequency
and temporal parameters carried reliable information about the caller’s sex, body size and identity. However, no correlations
with age were found. Playback experiments evaluated the behavioural significance of this variability. Twelve horses heard
either control white noise or whinnies emitted by group members, familiar neighbours or unfamiliar horses. While control sounds
did not induce any particular response, horses discriminated the social category of the callers and reacted with a sound-specific
behaviour (vigilance and attraction varied with familiarity). Our results support the existence of social knowledge in horses
and suggest a process of vocal coding/decoding of information. 相似文献
13.
Christopher J. Preston Maxim Y. Sheinin Denyse J. Sproat Vimal P. Swarup 《Nanoethics》2010,4(1):13-26
A great deal has been made of the question of whether nano-materials provide a unique set of ethical challenges. Equally important
is the question of whether they provide a unique set of regulatory challenges. In the last 18 months, the US Environmental
Protection Agency has begun the process of trying to meet the regulatory challenge of nano using the Toxic Substances Control
Act (1976)(TSCA). In this central piece of legislation, ‘newness’ is a critical concept. Current EPA policy, we argue, does
not adequately (or ethically) deal with the novelty of nano. This paper is an exploration of how to do a better job of accounting
for nanomaterials as ‘new.’ We explore three alternative ways that nanomaterials might be made to fall under the TSCA regulatory
umbrella. Since nanomaterials are of interest precisely because of the exciting new properties that emerge at the nano-scale,
each of these three alternatives must meet what we call the ‘novelty condition’ and avoid what we call the ‘central paradox’
of existing regulatory policy. Failure to meet either of these conditions is a moral failure. We examine both the strengths
and weaknesses of each alternative in order to illuminate the conceptual, practical, and moral challenges of novelty. 相似文献
14.
Sortal predicates have been associated with a counting process, which acts as a criterion of identity for the individuals
they correctly apply to. We discuss in what sense certain types of predicates suggested by quantum physics deserve the title
of ‘sortal’ as well, although they do not characterize either a process of counting or a criterion of identity for the entities
that fall under them. We call such predicates ‘quantum-sortal predicates’ and, instead of a process of counting, to them is
associated a ‘criterion of cardinality’. After their general characterization, it is discussed how these predicates can be
formally described.
To Patrick Suppes on his 80th birthday. 相似文献
15.
Geoffrey Hellman 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2006,35(6):621-651
A remarkable development in twentieth-century mathematics is smooth infinitesimal analysis (‘SIA’), introducing nilsquare and nilpotent infinitesimals, recovering the bulk of scientifically applicable classical analysis (‘CA’) without resort to the method of limits. Formally, however, unlike Robinsonian ‘nonstandard analysis’, SIA conflicts with CA, deriving, e.g., ‘not every quantity is either = 0 or not = 0.’ Internally, consistency is maintained by using intuitionistic logic (without the law of excluded middle). This paper examines problems of interpretation resulting from this ‘change of logic’, arguing that standard arguments based on ‘smoothness’ requirements are question-begging. Instead, it is suggested that recent philosophical work on the logic of vagueness is relevant, especially in the context of a Hilbertian structuralist view of mathematical axioms (as implicitly defining structures of interest). The relevance of both topos models for SIA and modal-structuralism as appled to this theory is clarified, sustaining this remarkable instance of mathematical pluralism. 相似文献
16.
Attempts at meaning-making are considered an integral part of the process of psychological adjustment following the diagnosis
of a major illness. The present study aimed at examining the applicability of Lipowski’s illness meaning framework and the
utility of a card-task and an interview method for the assessment of illness meanings in an Indian sample of cancer patients
(n=100). ‘Challenge’, ‘value’, ‘punishment’ , ‘weakness’ and ‘enemy’ were the five categories from the Lipowski’s framework
that were found to be applicable in the current study sample whereas ‘strategy’, ‘relief’ and ‘loss’ were not applicable in
the sample. Five new categories of illness meanings emerged namely; ‘burden’, ‘part of life’, ‘God’s plan’, ‘fate’ and ‘low
threat’. Subgroups of patients formed on the basis of four broad categories of illness meanings (positive, negative, fate
and low threat) differed significantly on depression, anxiety and quality of life, supporting the convergent validity of the
interview based assessment. The study highlights that the card-task for assessment of meanings has significant limitations
and that Lipowski’s illness-meaning framework requires expansion to capture the breadth of illness experiences in Indian patients. 相似文献
17.
N. Ángel Pinillos 《Philosophical Studies》2011,154(2):301-324
Sometimes two expressions in a discourse can be about the same thing in a way that makes that very fact evident to the participants.
Consider, for example, ‘he’ and ‘John’ in ‘John went to the store and he bought some milk’. Let us call this ‘de jure’ coreference.
Other times, coreference is ‘de facto’ as with ‘Mark Twain’ and ‘Samuel Clemens’ in a sincere use of ‘Mark Twain is not Samuel
Clemens’. Here, agents can understand the speech without knowing that the names refer to the same person. After surveying
many available linguistic and pragmatic tools (intentions to corefer, presuppositions, meanings, indexing, discourse referents,
binding etc.) I conclude that we must posit a new semantic primitive to account for de jure coreference. 相似文献
18.
A. Sierszulska 《Axiomathes》2006,16(4):486-498
It is not a common practice to postulate meaning entities treated as objects of some kind. The paper demonstrates two ways
of introducing meaning-objects in two logics of natural language, Tichy’s Transparent Intensional Logic and Zalta’s Intensional
Logic of Abstract Objects. Tichy’s theory belongs to the Fregean line of thinking, with what he calls ‘constructions’ as Fregean
senses, and ‘determiners’ as object-like meaning entities constructed by the senses. Zalta’s theory belongs to Meinongian
logics and he postulates a rich realm of abstract Meinongian objects to play the role of meanings. The paper analyses the
mechanisms of reference in both conceptions and it offers a comparison of the mediating meaning-objects and the framework
designed to expose this mediation in both theories. An attempt is made to expose how the treatment of the meaning entities
depends upon the theory of meaning which is assumed. 相似文献
19.
Jonathan Sutton 《Studies in East European Thought》2006,58(2):107-135
This is an examination of two essays on minimal religion by Mikhail Epstein (1982 and 1999), assessing the usefulness of the
term ‘minimal religion’ for the analysis of religion in contemporary Russia.
An adapted version of a paper delivered at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies (SSEES), University of London,
on 8 December, 2003. Note regarding Mikhail Epstein’s use of the words ‘religion’, ‘religiosity’ and ‘spirituality’: Epstein
uses the word ‘religion’ to signify ‘mainstream’, church-based manifestations of religion and also the institutional, hierarchical
structures related to those. Although in English usage the word ‘religiosity’ has negative connotations – signifying either
a superficially felt religious sentiment or a somehow false and insincere expression of religious feeling, intended for outward
show – Epstein appears to use the term entirely neutrally. For him it simply serves as a synonym for the word ‘spirituality’.
In the two essays examined in the present article the word ‘spirituality’ signifies the whole inner spiritual life and aspirations
of the individual and her/his reflection on an ethical way of living, whether the person concerned is a committed, church-going
believer, or someone engaged in a personal spiritual or philosophical quest for meaning, or else someone who has experienced
what Epstein refers to as ‘the wilderness’ of the Soviet years and has learnt of a spiritual dimension to life through that
formative experience. 相似文献
20.
In the following I take issue with the allegation that liberalism must inevitably be guilty of ‘abstract individualism’. I
treat Michael Sandel’s well-known claim that there are ‘loyalties and convictions whose moral force consists partly in the
fact that living by them is inseparable from understanding ourselves as the particular persons we are’ as representative of
this widely held view. Specifically, I argue: (i) that Sandel’s account of the manner in which ‘constitutive’ loyalties function
as reasons for action presupposes the possibility of there being (what I call) ‘underivable particular obligations’, but that
such obligations are, in fact, a logical impossibility; and (ii) that Sandel’s account of the self as necessarily ‘encumbered’
presupposes an account of personal identity which confuses identification with definition, and which is, therefore, fundamentally
flawed.
For their constructive and insightful comments on an earlier draft of this paper, I owe a special debt of gratitude to the
following: Clare Chambers, Roger Crisp, Cécile Fabre, Paul Kelly, David Lloyd-Thomas. Thanks also go to Res Publica’s two anonymous referees. 相似文献