提示对3～11岁儿童解决类比推理问题的影响

随机抽取360名3~11岁儿童,采用几何图形、关系图形、词语、数字、故事五种材料,考察提示对儿童类比推理的影响。结果发现:(1)提示对3~4岁和8~9岁儿童几何图形类比推理成绩有影响;提示对3~4岁和9~11岁儿童词语类比推理成绩有影响;提示对3~11岁儿童数字类比推理成绩均有影响;提示对3岁和8~11岁儿童关系图形类比推理成绩有影响;提示对3~4岁和8~11岁儿童故事类比推理成绩有影响;(2)提示使原本不会类比推理的3岁儿童能够初步进行类比推理。     

502例单胎足月巨大儿的发生现状及危险因素分析

分析大连医科大学附属第一医院单胎足月出生的巨大儿发生现状及其危险因素。分析2014年1月1日~2016年12月31日分娩的502例巨大儿的产妇临床资料,对比同期病例资料完整的4 162例产妇相关资料,运用Logistic回归分析发生巨大儿的影响因素。结果显示巨大儿总体发生率为12.06%,2014年~2016年巨大儿发生率分别为11.14%、15.84%、10.67%。Logistic回归分析孕妇年龄≥35岁(OR=1.453,95%CI:0.501~0.946)、孕前超重(OR=1.663,95%CI:(1.158~1.828)、孕期体重增加超标(OR=1.389,95%CI:1.262~1.530)、非初孕(OR=1.236,95%CI:1.089~1.403)、经产妇(OR=1.458,95%CI:1.146~1.854)以及孕妇患有妊娠期糖尿病(OR=5.294,95%CI:3.710~7.555)均是发生巨大儿的危险因素。2014年~2016年大连医科大学附属第一医院单胎足月巨大儿发生率高于同期全国以及北方地区平均水平;发生巨大儿的孕妇剖宫产的风险增加(OR=1.843,95%CI:1.624~2.091)。孕前超重、孕期体重增长超标、存在妊娠期糖尿病均与巨大儿的发生呈强相关性(P0.01),其中孕期体重增加和妇女孕前BMI是降低巨大儿发生的可控因素,应当引起足够重视和关注;孕期合理膳食、适当运动,指导孕期体重增长、加强管理尤为重要。     

低出生体重儿和小于胎龄儿发生的危险因素分析

比较低出生体重儿和小于胎龄儿发生的影响因素。选择2012年1月1日~2016年12月31日在山东省交通医院分娩的活产单胎新生儿,分析新生儿出生体重的影响因素。Logistic回归分析显示,女婴(OR=2.151,95%CI:1.580~2.927)、出生缺陷(OR=3.325,95%CI:1.444~7.656)、早产(OR=28.548,95%CI:20.460~39.833)是低出生体重儿的影响因素;女婴(OR=1.260,95%CI:1.092~1.455)、产检次数4次(与产检4次~7次者比,OR=1.386,95%CI:1.184~1.623)、产检次数≥8次(与产检4次~7次者比,OR=1.576,95%CI:1.238~2.007)、围孕期未服用营养补充剂(OR=1.379,95%CI:1.109~1.715)是小于胎龄儿的影响因素。低出生体重儿和小于胎龄儿发生的危险因素有所差异,孕妇应采取不同的预防措施,从而减少不良妊娠结局的发生。     

临床医生如何开展临床科研的探讨

正2000年~2014年,我国发表的医学论文数量增长迅猛,有数据表明2014年我国发表的论文量是2000年的14倍~[1],我国科研论文数量逐年上升,但在顶级期刊上发表论文量少,整体影响力(如被引用次数)低于世界平均水平~[2-3],临床转化方面的成果更少。虽然我国临床研究资源丰富,受试群体庞大~[4],临床病种多样~[5-6],有独特的诊疗方式——中医~[7],但目前我国医学科研界存在言必称"基因、分子、信号通路"等重基础研究轻临     

3～6岁儿童对言语行为的元认知发展

以123名3~6岁儿童为被试,采用图片判断和个别访谈任务,从本体区分和归因的角度,对3~6岁儿童对言语行为的元认知发展进行了探查。结果表明:3~6岁儿童对言语行为和物理发音区分较早,但对于言语行为和生物发音的区分水平普遍较低;34、岁儿童对语言习得的遗传因素认知水平较低,5岁开始发展,6岁有显著提高;3~6岁儿童对语言习得的环境因素认知水平都较低。     

解析我国抗生素耐药现状及相应措施

自从20世纪40年代青霉素问世以来,人类对葡萄球菌感染几乎是药到病除,曾挽救了无数感染者的生命。但是,由于抗生素的广泛使用和滥用,使这些不断开发的抗生素失去了应有的威力,抗生素耐药现象日益严重,耐药菌株不断增多,已成为临床医生一个非常棘手的问题。1我国细菌耐药现状根据我国细菌耐药监测研究组1998年~1999年与2000年~2001年监测调查结果,金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素耐药率两个年度分别为82.7%与89.1%,对红霉素耐药率分别为58.2%与74.4%。表皮葡萄球菌对青霉素的耐药率分别为56.7%与66.2%,对红霉素的耐药率分别为51.5%与76.2%。肺炎链球…     

3~8岁儿童对资源分配中贡献、努力和能力因素的权衡

研究选取3~4岁、5~6岁和7~8岁儿童,考察儿童在分配资源时对贡献、努力和能力因素的权衡,采用资源分配范式和在以上三维度上不同的人物故事情境。结果发现,各年龄儿童均最偏爱平等分配,相比之下,3~4岁儿童倾向分给贡献最大的个体最多的资源,7~8岁儿童则分给最努力的个体更多资源。儿童均较少按能力进行分配。随着年龄发展,儿童对贡献原则赋予的权重逐渐减弱,对个体努力的认可度逐渐增强,显示出儿童分配原则的发展变化。     

高功能自闭症儿童不同常规度转喻加工的发展：来自ERP的证据

采用ERP技术考察了6~11岁高功能自闭症（HFA）儿童常规和新奇转喻的认知加工过程及发展轨迹。结果显示,6~8岁HFA组和典型发展（TD）组加工常规和新奇转喻的N400波幅无差异,未出现常规度效应,其波幅与错误句也无差异。9~11岁HFA组对新奇转喻N400波幅负于常规转喻,出现常规度效应,常规转喻N400波幅异于错误句,9~11岁TD组常规和新奇转喻均异于错误句。6~8岁HFA组对常规转喻N400差异波负于9~11岁,6~8岁TD组对常规和新奇转喻均负于9~11岁。HFA组转喻N400波幅均负于TD组。结论：HFA儿童常规和新奇转喻的加工较TD儿童存在缺陷。从6岁到11岁,HFA儿童常规转喻加工随年龄增长显著提高,新奇转喻则未出现明显变化,较之常规转喻,新奇转喻的加工尤为困难。     

《心理科学》2020年外审专家名录

以下是《心理科学》 2020年1月1日~2020年12月31日的外审专家名单及其审稿篇次。《心理科学》上发表的论文能够保持高质量、高水准,与各位审稿专家认真负责的敬业精神密不可分。编辑部代表广大读者和作者对各位审稿专家表示由衷的感谢!     

《心理学报》2020年度审稿专家名录

《心理学报》编委会和编辑部热忱感谢下列审稿专家在过去一年中对本刊的大力支持。《心理学报》上发表的论文能够保持今天的高质量,与他们认真负责、公正无私的精神密不可分。以下是《心理学报》2020年1月1日~2020年12月31日的审稿人名单(姓名后面的数字为审稿篇次)     

后现代主义思潮影响下的自我研究

后现代主义思潮的兴起使自我研究重新受到重视。后现代主义思潮影响下的自我研究将出现新的特征：从传统的个人主义取向的概念界定转向从社会和个人双重取向的概念界定;从单纯重视自我的稳定性研究转向将自我的稳定性与可变性结合;从重视自我发展的一般规律研究到重视文化对自我发展的影响。     

An Analysis of the Relevance of Topographical Similarity on Positive Practice of Spelling Errors

Two studies were conducted assessing the relevance of having students perform exercises with words spelled incorrectly on weekly pretests. Both studies used a multi-element design in which baseline was followed by the alternation of relevant positive practice (RPP) and irrelevant positive practice (IPP). In RPP, students were required to perform a variety of exercises on words spelled incorrectly on the pretest. In IPP, for each word spelled incorrectly, students had to perform similar exercises on words which were not on the spelling list. In all condition students took a posttest at the end of the week. In both cases, RPP and IPP produced superior spelling score on weekly tests compared to baseline. There were, however, insignificant differences between RPP and IPP. The superior scores on the posttests as compared to the pretests indicate the possibility of an educational component to the practice exercises. Comments by the students and teachers indicated their preference for RPP over IPP. Nevertheless, the extensive duration of the practice exercises may limit their usefulness.     

自我威胁刺激对返回抑制的影响

使用线索-靶子范式,分别将面孔刺激作为线索(实验1)和靶子(实验2)呈现,考察自我扭曲面孔对返回抑制的影响。结果发现:自我扭曲面孔为线索时,与他人扭曲、他人中性面孔产生了实验性分离,自我扭曲面孔的返回抑制效应量最小;自我扭曲面孔为靶子时,返回抑制消失。研究结果揭示:以自我扭曲面孔为代表的自我威胁刺激激活了威胁性自我概念,缩小了注意搜索范围,可能是导致人际紧张的潜在自我认知机制。     

Psychosocial Effects of Conditions of Military Deployment

Deployment may lead the soldiers to dichotomise their profession and their family life, resulting in unwanted effects on family or career. Effects on reintegration and functioning within family are considered. Reunions may be characterized by perceived negative reception and consequences could spill over to children as parents attempt to equivocate their differences. Risks exist for fragmentation of the family system or divorce. Social support may serve to buffer families with members on deployment.     

居危思变?工作不安全感对创新行为的差异化影响?

企业往往在员工管理和组织创新上处于“两难困境”——难以提供稳定工作但又不得不依赖员工实现组织创新, 这就使得研究员工工作不安全感对创新行为的影响至关重要。企业员工遭遇不同环境威胁带来的工作不安全感时, 创新行为存在差异。本文在威胁焦点下深化工作不安全感概念, 并基于“以变量为中心”和“以人为中心”的研究思路, 探讨其对创新行为的差异化影响过程。首先, 结合环境威胁来源与主观感知, 把工作不安全感分为岗位焦点工作不安全感和人员焦点工作不安全感两个维度, 并将编制测量量表。其次, 期望运用纵向研究设计, 通过分析多时点的员工-主管配对数据, 基于情境调节焦点和工作激情的链式中介作用, 来揭示岗位焦点工作不安全感对创新行为的负向影响, 以及人员焦点工作不安全感对创新行为的倒U型影响。最后, 将采取“以人为中心”的研究思路, 运用潜在剖面分析方法探讨工作不安全感潜在类型及其对创新行为的影响。研究结果将有助于推进工作不安全感的概念和效用研究, 也为企业如何有效促进创新提供对策建议。     

Studying the specificity of spirituality: lessons from the psychology of religion

Psychological research on spirituality need not start from scratch: the psychology of religion provides substantial knowledge and experience that can be drawn on when psychologists want to do research on spirituality. Spirituality, while certainly not identical with religion or religiosity, is a human phenomenon to which many methodological insights from the study of religion may be applied, although it is also a domain where many mistakes from the history of the psychology of religion are likely to be repeated. After presenting some thoughts on the conceptualization of spirituality, and reflecting on the type of psychology required to do research on spirituality, the paper points out some hidden agenda's in the psychologies of religion and spirituality. Focusing on and keeping in mind the specificity of spiritual conduct, the paper discusses a number of practical aspects of empirical research on spirituality.     

The control of responding by sounds: unusual effect of reinforcement.

Naive rats were trained to respond on one lever in the presence of noise bursts from one speaker and on a second lever in the presence of noise bursts from a second speaker. The speakers were mounted behind the levers. When responding on the lever adjacent to the sounding speaker was reinforced, control developed within fewer than five trials. When responding on the nonadjacent lever was selectively reinforced, responding on the lever adjacent to the sounding speaker increased in probability for several sessions. Naive rats were trained to respond on the nonadjacent lever following preexposure to the sound. Responding on the lever adjacent to the sounding speaker increased in probability, showing that novelty was not responsible for the effect. Naive rats were run on automaintenance procedures in which there was no explicit pairing of sound and magazine operation, 100% pairing of sound and magazine operation, or magazine operation following 40% of sound presentations. None of the rats acquired the response of approaching and sniffing the sounding speaker, indicating that sound-magazine pairing was not responsible for the effect.     

Mindreading abilities in sexual offenders: an analysis of theory of mind processes

The paper aims to assess the theory of mind (ToM) of sexual offenders. We administered to 21 sexual offenders and to 21 nonoffenders two classical first- and second-order ToM tasks, a selection of six Strange Stories, and a semi-structured interview, the Theory of Mind Assessment Scale (Th.o.m.a.s), which provides a multi-dimensional evaluation of ToM, investigating first- vs. third-person and egocentric vs. allocentric perspectives. Results show that sexual offenders performed worse than controls on second-order ToM tasks, on Strange Stories and on each of the Th.o.m.a.s dimensions, whereas they did as well as the control group on first-order ToM tasks. A detailed analysis of participants’ performance on Th.o.m.a.s. showed that sex offenders performed worse on the third-person than on the first-person ToM scale, and worse on the allocentric than on the egocentric perspective; these findings did not apply to the controls. Implications for future research and treatment are discussed.     

论医学人文精神的重塑

重塑医学人文精神是一个无法回避而又必须作出回答的紧迫问题。把现代医学技术放到人文哲学的大视野中去体认,从人学本体论意义上现代医学技术的价值理性,进一步澄清人们对医学技术无限崇拜的工具理性的错误认识;阐述了现代医学人文精神的内涵,认为以人为本,确立科学理性对医学技术的指导地位,适时约束医学技术行为应该成为现代医学人文精神的核心理念;提出了重塑现代医学人文精神的基本原则,即：坚持医学技术进步与人的全面发展相一致的原则,坚持医学技术进步与医学工作者道德健全相一致的原则,坚持医学进步与卫生事业持续、协调、健康发展相一致的原则。