L’enfance et l’adolescence in situ : facteurs environnementaux facilitateurs et inhibiteurs de troubles cognitifs et comportementaux

The definition of mental health associates three fundamental variables: biological variables, psychological variables and environmental variables. In this article, we will focus on environmental variables that inhibit and facilitate cognitive and behavioural disorders in childhood and adolescence. Environmental psychology considers the interrelations between human and environment in its spatial, social and chronological dimensions and considers it as a characterized and undissociated system. We will bring to mind social and physical environmental variables with which children and adolescents interact frequently and, through a literature review, we will enlighten environmental variables that are susceptible to induce behavioural disorders and psychological variables that modulate children's and adolescent's relations to environment. We then suggest possible outcomes of this approach in clinical practice as well as in terms of therapeutic applications in child psychology and psychiatry. Finally, we evoke the necessity of taking in account neurobiological fields in order to outline a model of human development integrating the three variables that define mental health.     

Champ et effets de la négation argumentative: contre-argumentation et mise en cause

An argument can be taken as an operation of justification or as the product of this operation. But what about a counter-argument? This article is based on the hypothesis that there exists an operation of argumentative negation, which is both the argumentative and the negative equivalent of the operation of justification. Justification and argumentative negation necessarily act on assertions, for they are active at the level of the epistemic modalities of statements. As an operation, a counter-argument can thus be described, as the application of an argumentative negation; as a product, it can be described as an argument the conclusion of which shows traces of negative modality. Two uses of argumentative negation are distinguished here: counter-argumentation and calling into question. The former can lead only to assertive conclusive statements, but the latter can also lead to directives or commissives. This leads the authors to introduce the notion of pseudo-argument, besides those of argument and counter-argument. It is shown in particular that when a pseudo-argument is rejected, argumentative negation has the effect of making evident an underlying argument. With respect to the latterit functions as a counter-argumentation, whereas with respect to the illocutionary act accomplished by the conclusive statement, it functions as a calling into question of a condition of satisfaction for this act. This article also defines certain characteristics of argument, proposes criteria for identifying argumentative negation in polemical conversations, and distinguishes four modes of counter-argumentation.     

Logique et théorie physique

Conclusion On s'occupe de la logique quantique depuis 1935 et pendant cette période beaucoup de résultats ont été obtenus, encore me suis-je abstenu de mentionner les résultats obtenus ces dernières années par les logiciens dans ce domaine. Certains de ces résultats ont un intérêt direct pour les théories physiques. En particulier on voit de quelles conditions impératives on doit tenir compte quand on effectue un changement de théorie pour passer à une théorie meilleure. L'exemple de la théorie fonctionnelle des corpuscules est significatif.     

Sciences médicales et droit

How does Law unravel and seize Medicine? The relationship between Law and Medicine is tremendously complex. At first sight, Law understands medicine as being a medical science, an applied science, and imposes requirements in this regard, such as respect for the “established scientific knowledge” or “tested medical knowledge”. But Medicine turns out to be “Art”, a clear and authentic expertise which requires techniques reiteration. Seen by Law, Medicine is not classified into either both of these scientific or technical dimensions. Borrowing from human sciences also allows to set requirements for medical humanism.     

Similitudes et différences de perceptions chez des salariés hommes et femmes

This study investigates men and women perceptions in the work, accros the relations between work conditions and job satisfaction. Similarity and difference are questionned about the mean dimensions of the work conditions (factor analysis) as well as the prédictive value of theses dimensions for the job satisfaction (regression analysis). In the same point of view, similarity and difference are analysed about health, importance of life domains and work-family interferences. Men and women seem to organize in the same way work conditions. Three factors are retained (Relations with superiors, Development and autonomy, Work intensity), wich the first two predict job satisfaction, for the men and the women. Nevertheless we note some differences, both about the force of the prediction and about specific item. Results and and futur works are discussed.     

L’enrichissement entre vie professionnelle et vie personnelle : revue et programme de recherché

Work-life enrichment, defined as the transfer of resources and affects from one role to another, has long remained in the shadow of the concept of work-life conflict. Several processes for work-life enrichment, for instance instrumental and affective, have been identified. Commitment to the family role predicts work-to-family enrichment (WFE), while commitment to the work role predicts family-to-work enrichment (FWE). Gender, personality and social support are other antecedents of work-life enrichment. WFE is positively associated with job satisfaction and FEW with family satisfaction. An agenda for future research suggests conducting qualitative, longitudinal and contextualized research.     

Psychologie de la santé et cancers : quels apports et quelles perspectives ?

How to adjust to the malignancy is an area that is widely explored by researchers in health psychology for over 35 years. A number of concepts and theories have been developed in an attempt to help people better cope with this particularly stressful life event. Two theoretical approaches are briefly presented: the transactional model of stress and the health belief model. Then, we discuss the interest of several concepts from these models (personality traits, social support, perceived control and coping), illustrating recent research. Finally, both theoretical and practical perspectives are discussed, with proposals that are supported to develop to help patients.     

Influences professionnelles et personnelles du climat scolaire chez les enseignants et les élèves

This research was designed to assess the impact of the school climate on teachers’ and pupils’ stress, satisfaction, violence perceptions, and physical health. Data were obtained by mean of a questionnaire which was responded by 59 teachers and 316 pupils from two Swiss high schools. The results shown that school climate predicts for teachers and pupils higher satisfaction, and lower violence perceptions. Moreover, for schoolboys and schoolgirls, a good school climate predicts lower level of stress and better school results. These data suggest that the atmosphere of a school plays a crucial role for teachers’ and pupils’ professional and personal attitudes.     

Argumentation et droit constitutionnel: le juge constitutionnel et la dépénalisation de l'avortement

Argumentation et droit constitutionnel: le juge constitutionnel et la dépénalisation de l'avortement     

Rhétorique et dialectique chez Aristote

Rhetoric and dialectic are two distinct circles, but in intersection. Rhetoric is an application (among others) of the dialectic to public debates. The dialectic is then the intellectual tool of rhetoric, distinct from its emotive means of persuading. But each of them can be antistrophos to the other one because both of them belong to the same sublunar world, our world. Such is Aristotle's answer, both to the sophists and to Plato.

     

Enjeux éthiques et surdités

Deafness is a particular handicap in that it belongs to medicine on one hand and on the other, it is a cultural object with a language, the sign language, a culture and a world of its own, the “the world of deafness”. This specific position generates ethical challenges that must be discovered in their complexity around three areas: genetic discoveries versus eugenics, early diagnosis in the maternity unit versus the iatrogenic announcement affecting the early relationships and the cochlear implant versus the parents enlightened consent. In the face of the urgency of the medical discourse, the ethical debate can trigger another temporality and another discourse for the deaf child and his parents by defending its clinical singularity…