论儿童国际收养权利关怀

本文主要探讨了儿童国际收养同意权、身份权和知情权三个问题.要体现对儿童的关怀,在国际收养同意权问题上,应该建立国际收养追认制度；在儿童身份权问题上,应该积极引导儿童树立正确的身份意识；在儿童知情权问题上,应该逐步推行开放收养制度.     

儿童心理时间之旅的发展

人类在心理上把自我投射到过去以重新经历过去事件以及把自我投射到未来以预先经历未来事件的能力被称为心理时间之旅。心理时间之旅是认知心理学、认知神经科学、进化心理学、比较心理学、发展心理学等多个学科共同关注的研究领域。目前有关个体心理时间之旅的发展研究表明,心理时间之旅大约出现在儿童3~5岁时。未来有关个体心理时间之旅的发展性研究应从研究范式、研究技术、认知机制、文化差异等方面加以改进。     

从亲属词分类看民族语言对民族心理的影响

亲属关系基于血缘关系和婚姻关系形成, 是个体首属的社会关系, 被视为人类学研究的“王冠”。在每种语言中, 都有表征亲属关系的词, 即亲属词。亲属词蕴含着丰富的遗传、婚姻、社会和文化的信息, 是文化人类学、语言学和民族心理学研究的重要内容。2001年以来, 通过一系列对汉族大学生、汉族儿童及青少年、纳西族、摩梭人、傣族、基诺族、彝族和白族的亲属词分类研究, 发现了不同民族亲属词的概念结构, 揭示了影响亲属词分类的因素, 显示了民族语言对民族心理的影响; 揭示了语言影响亲属词分类的机制, 为语言影响认知的理论提供了重要证据; 揭示了不同民族的亲属关系的特点, 为民族心理学的理论构建提供了重要资料。     

儿童欺侮问题研究综述

儿童间的欺侮问题是近十几年中发展心理学和学校心理学研究中比较活跃的一个领域,也是具有重要实践意义的一个研究课题。该文分三部分简述近年来国外该领域研究的一些主要成果和最新动态,包括欺侮的概念及儿童欺侮发生的一殷特点、欺侮产生原因的理论假设以及家庭、学校和同伴群体对儿童欺侮的影响。     

试论我国儿童心理学前进的道路

儿童心理学是心理学的一个分支,它是研究儿童与青少年心理发展的基本理论和发展过程或阶段中的各种心理特点及其规律的科学。研究儿童心理学对哲学认识论的研究具有重大意义。列宁曾指出:儿童智力发展史是“构成认识论和辩证法的知识领域"之一。而更重要的是:儿童心理学能为教育工作、儿童医疗卫生、儿童文艺、广播电视等社会实践领域提供儿童心理发展方面的基础科学知识。儿童心理学的重要性,就决定了我们探讨我国儿童心理学前进道路的必要性。     

5至8岁儿童时间知觉的实验研究

儿童的时间知觉是怎样发展起来的?发展过程中有哪些特点?经历哪些主要阶段?这是发展心理学要研究的课题之一。在国外,斯迈思,戈德斯通(E.J.Smythe,1957, S.Gold-stone,1958)等人曾研究过6—14岁儿童对以秒计的主动时间估计和被动时间估计,认为8—14岁儿童对短时间的估计比较准确,时间观念已渐趋稳定,并能利用有关的参考     

中国古代心理学思想史百年研究史略

1 中国古代心理学思想史是研究中国古代心理学思想产生、形成与发展历史的学科。近百年来．它经历了一个从自发到自觉、从分散到有组织、从零星探讨到系统研究的发展过程。大致可分为在指导思想、工作方式和科研成果等方面都具不同特点的三个阶段。     

试论中学生的品德结构与特征

青少年的品德形成和发展问题,是目前不少学科正在认真开展讨论的一个重要课题。有关研究材料认为“儿童品德发展问题是现代心理学最重要的问题之一。”七十年代至今“西方关于教育心理学、儿童心理学、社会心理学等方面的著作几乎没有一本不论及儿童品德发展的问题”(李伯忝:《西方儿童品德发展研究的历史和现状述略》)。近     

创造力态度测量(CAS)的标准化修订

关于儿童创造力的研究在教育和发展心理学中的积极作用是有目共睹的,国外教育学和心理学工作者在个体创造力方面已作了大量研究。近年来,随着我国特殊教育的逐渐扩展,我国学者在儿童智力和创造力的发展方面也做了很多工作。而儿童创造力的测量对于智力超常学生筛选和特殊教育效果评判则是有效的工具。在此介绍我们最近完成的一个关于创造力态度测量(CAS)的标准化结果,诚望得到同行的使用和指点。     

试论心理的毕生发展

时间和空间一样是运动着的物质存在的基本形式,由于时间本身的特点,给儿童的认知带来困难,它要求儿童的抽象思维能力和整个认知活动的水平有更高的发展。认知发展心理学在这一领域中的研究任务就是揭示儿童认知时间的发生发展过程,揭示不同年龄儿童对时间反映的特点和规律以及制约这一发展过程的条件,因素等。本文除简明阐述作为认知对象的“时间”的特点以外,还具体说明了认知时间所包含的具体内容,即儿童在这一领域形成和发展着什么样的能力。着重介绍了国外关于时间认知发展方面研究的设想,结果,以及他们的理论主张。     

Adoptees' Contact with Birth Parents in Emerging Adulthood: The Role of Adoption Communication and Attachment to Adoptive Parents

As adoptees transition to adulthood, their roles in the family may shift, providing them with opportunities to have increasing autonomy in their decisions about contact and initiating conversations about adoption. Research has often focused more on adoptees as children, yet in emerging adulthood, there are important shifts in the life roles and relationships of adoptees during which adoptive parents continue to be meaningful. This study examined associations among attachment and communication within the adoptive family during adulthood with emerging adult adoptees' experience of birth family contact (frequency of and satisfaction with birth family contact), in a sample of 167 emerging adults with varied contact with birth family (from no contact to frequent contact). Results suggest that perceptions of secure parent–child attachment relationships, as well as sensitive and open communication with adoptive parents about adoption, continue to be important for emerging adult adoptees and lead to greater satisfaction for adoptees with birth parent contact—regardless of whether adoptees actually have birth family contact. In particular, positive family communication about adoption during adulthood was predictive of satisfaction with birth parent contact. Limitations and implications are discussed.     

Adoptees do not lack self-esteem: a meta-analysis of studies on self-esteem of transracial, international, and domestic adoptees

Do adopted children show lower self-esteem than nonadopted peers, and do transracial adoptees show lower self-esteem than same-race adoptees? Adopted children are hypothesized to be at risk of low self-esteem. They may suffer from the consequences of neglect, abuse, and malnutrition in institutions before adoption. They have to cope with their adoptive status, which often includes difficulties associated with the lack of resemblance to their adoptive parents. Additionally, transracial and international adoptees may feel less integrated into their family, resulting in low self-esteem. In a series of metaanalyses, the authors found, however, no difference in self-esteem between adoptees (N = 10,977) and nonadopted comparisons (N = 33,862) across 88 studies. This was equally true for international, domestic, and transracial adoptees. Across 18 studies including 2,198 adoptees, no differences in self-esteem were found between transracial and same-race adoptees. In contrast, in a small set of 3 studies (N = 300), adoptees showed higher levels of self-esteem than nonadopted, institutionalized children. The authors' findings may be explained by adoptees' resilience to overcome early adversity, supported by the large investment of adoptive families. Adoption can be seen as an effective intervention, leading to normative self-esteem.     

How international transracial adoptees and immigrants cope with discrimination? The moderating role of ethnic identity in the relation between perceived discrimination and psychological well‐being

Research has consistently shown that discrimination based on ethnic group membership affects the psychological well‐being of ethnic minorities. Recent studies revealed that discrimination is also a relevant experience for international transracial adoptees, who have experienced a unique migration process. Yet, there is still a paucity of studies focused on similarities and differences between how immigrants and international transracial adoptees perceive discrimination and on how perceived discrimination impacts psychological well‐being, also depending on ethnic identity. Our study aimed to fill these gaps by investigating the moderating role of ethnic identity affirmation in the association between perceived discrimination and psychological well‐being, measured in terms of self‐esteem. A comparison between international transracial adoptees and immigrants was carried out in the Italian context. Participants were 119 international transracial adoptees and 90 immigrants, aged between 15 and 24, all categorizing themselves as Latinos. Findings revealed that immigrants perceived more discrimination and showed higher levels of ethnic identity affirmation than did adoptees, but no difference emerged with respect to self‐esteem. Ethnic identity affirmation buffered the detrimental effects of perceived discrimination on self‐esteem among international transracial adoptees but not among immigrants. Results are discussed in relation to practical implications for preventive interventions.     

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Symptoms in Children Adopted from Poland and their Atypical Association Patterns: a Bayesian Approach

Although high rates of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms have been observed among internationally adopted children, research on these symptoms in Polish adoptees is lacking. Therefore, we examined ADHD symptoms in Polish adoptees and their relationship to pre-adoptive risk factors, that is, time in institutional care, early deprivation, and prenatal alcohol exposure. We further compared the association patterns and gender distribution of ADHD symptoms in children adopted from Poland to those reported in the literature for ADHD symptoms in non-adopted children. Dutch adoptive parents of 121 Polish adoptees (52% boys; M _age = 10.9 years, range 6.2–15.6; M _ageadoption = 3.0 years, range 0.8–6.9) completed questionnaires regarding ADHD symptoms, pre-adoptive risk factors, attachment problems, conduct problems, and executive functioning deficits. Bayesian evaluation of informative hypotheses showed that Polish adoptees had increased levels of ADHD symptoms, compared to Dutch children in the general population. Time in institutional care, early deprivation, and prenatal alcohol exposure were not associated with ADHD symptoms. ADHD symptoms in Polish adoptees were more strongly associated with attachment problems and executive functioning deficits, but less strongly with conduct problems, compared to ADHD symptoms in non-adoptees. Furthermore, ADHD symptoms were more equally distributed among boys and girls than they are in non-adopted children. The findings indicate that Polish adoptees and their adoptive parents need special attention and support. The dissimilarities between ADHD symptoms in Polish adoptees and non-adoptees might indicate a different underlying causal mechanism, which may have important implications for clinical practice.     

Do Theory of Mind and Executive Function Deficits Underlie the Adverse Outcomes Associated with Profound Early Deprivation?: Findings from the English and Romanian Adoptees Study

Theory of Mind (ToM) and Executive Function (EF) have been associated with autism and with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and hence might play a role in similar syndromes found following profound early institutional deprivation. In order to examine this possibility the current study included a group of 165 Romanian adoptees, of whom 144 were adopted into the UK from deprived institutional settings before 43months of age, and a group of 52 within-UK adoptees, all adopted before 6months of age. Both groups were assessed at 6 and 11years. The Strange Stories task was used to assess ToM and the Stroop task was used to assess EF, both at age 11. The Romanian adoptees displayed deficits in both ToM and EF compared with the within-UK adoptee group. The degree of deficit was greater for children who had experienced more than 6months of institutional deprivation. Deficits in both domains (ToM and EF) were associated with each of the three apparently deprivation-specific problems, namely quasi-autism, disinhibited attachment and inattention/overactivity. Statistical analyses indicated a mediating role for both ToM and EF with respect to quasi-autism; possibly a partial mediating role for EF with respect to inattention/overactivity; and probably no mediating role for either ToM or EF in the case of disinhibited attachment. In conclusion, there is evidence for a possible mediating role for ToM and EF in the development of some apparently deprivation-specific difficulties in institution-reared Romanian adoptees, but neither accounts for the overall pattern of deprivation-related difficulties.     

Is there a common pathway to maladjustment for internationally adopted and non-adopted adolescents?

The main purpose of the research was to test whether cumulative effects represent a common pathway to behavioral maladjustment for internationally adopted adolescents and controls. The findings of previous comparison and follow-up studies have been contradictory. The hypothesis was tested in an original multi-informant study with 74 adolescents: 40 adoptees and 34 controls. The analyses of the data provided arguments in favor of the existence of a common pathway for adoptees and controls. The accumulation of risk factors in the current characteristics of the adolescents and their family was significantly associated with behavioral outcomes of both adoptees and controls. Implications for research, policy and practice are discussed.     

Adopted Individuals’ Views on the Utility and Value of Expanded Carrier Screening

Adoptees may not have family medical history and ethnicity information. Carrier screening assesses reproductive risk. Expanded carrier screening (ECS) screens for many genetic conditions regardless of a patient’s knowledge of family history and ethnicity. This study aimed to better understand the opinions and attitudes of adopted individuals on the use of ECS in determining a patient’s reproductive genetic risks. Specifically, the study assessed how adopted individuals feel that results of ECS may be useful to them and whether adoptees feel that meeting with a genetics professional in the process of undergoing ECS would be useful. Adult adoptees (N?=?124) were recruited online. Their opinions on ECS were explored. The majority reported they had never been offered carrier screening (92%). The majority of adoptees wanted ECS (76%). Neither the amount of contact with biological relatives nor having medical knowledge about biological relatives was significantly associated with adoptees’ desire to pursue ECS. There was a significant positive correlation between adoptees of higher education levels and the amount they would pay for ECS (p?=?0.004). The majority of participants (95%) indicated a genetics professional would be helpful when undergoing ECS. The findings suggest this population may want ECS and support from genetics healthcare professionals. Advocacy for genetic counseling and testing for adoptees appears justifiable.     

Depth in Cultural Socialization in Families with Children Adopted from China

Parents raising children adopted from a different racial/ethnic group usually engage in cultural socialization—providing activities in adoptees’ birth culture—hoping to instill pride and help adoptees develop a positive identity. Adoptive parents engage in a wide variety of socialization activities, yet adult adoptees have reported not having deep enough exposure from their parents. The present study explored the depth of cultural socialization in transracial adoptive families. Informed by Pinderhughes' Ethnic‐Racial Socialization model, this study developed a continuum examining the depth in cultural socialization with three indicators: (1) the depth of cultural activities, (2) parents’ motivation for cultural socialization, and (3) parental cultural attitudes. Qualitative analyses of 41 White parents raising children adopted from China found that parents’ motivation and acknowledgement of cultural differences reflected deep appreciation of adoptees’ birth culture, however, activities they provided were not as deep. Activities that facilitated close relationships with people who shared adoptees’ background in a natural context appeared to provide the deepest cultural connection. Despite limitations, the study demonstrated that the depth continuum was able to capture variations and nuances in cultural socialization. Suggestions for future research and recommendation for practice were also included.     

Pre-adoptive risk factors and behavioural problems in children adopted from Poland

Behavioural problems in adoptees have been related to adverse circumstances prior to adoption. We examined pre-adoptive risk factors and post-adoptive behavioural problems in children adopted from Poland. Dutch adoptive parents of 133 Polish adoptees (M_age = 8.7 years, range 2.8–15.2; M_ageadoption = 3.0 years, range .4–6.9) answered the Child Behaviour Checklist and questions regarding pre-adoptive risk factors, such as institutionalization, neglect and abuse. Polish adoptees in our sample were four times more likely to have clinical behavioural problems than non-adopted children. Compared with a group of children adopted from various countries, predominantly from Asia, Polish adoptees had higher levels of behavioural problems as well. Multiple pre-adoptive risk factors were present. Only a history of abuse was found to be associated with behavioural problems after adoption. Special attention and support after adoption are needed for these children and their adoptive parents, especially when a pre-adoptive history of abuse is known.     

Birth Parents Who Relinquished Babies for Adoption Revisited

The fact that adoption records may be opened by court decree to enable adoptees to have access to identifying information about their birth parents makes it incumbent upon those concerned with adoption practices to study the impact of this on adoptees, adoptive parents, birth parents, and professional practice. This paper reports on research addressed to the attitudes and feelings of birth parents years after they relinquished babies for adoption.