A further note on freeman's measure of association

This note extends and elaborates Hubert's attempt to provide an interpretation of Freeman's measure of association,. The measure is used in a a contingency table when observations are ordered on one variable and unordered on the other. No attempt is made explore the distribution of.     

A note on moran's measure of multiple rank correlation

A measure of multiple rank correlation,T _y.12 ², is proposed for the situation with no tied observations in the variables. The measure is a weighted average of two squared Kendall taus. It is shown thatT _y.12 ² is equivalent to a statistic previously proposed by Moran and thus a new interpretation is given to Moran's statistic.The author wishes to thank Nancy Anderson, Willard Larkin, and Kent Norman for their helpful comments.     

A family of association coefficients for metric scales

Four types of metric scales are distinguished: the absolute scale, the ratio scale, the difference scale and the interval scale. A general coefficient of association for two variables of the same metric scale type is developed. Some properties of this general coefficient are discussed. It is shown that the matrix containing these coefficients between any number of variables is Gramian. The general coefficient reduces to specific coefficients of association for each of the four metric scales. Two of these coefficients are well known, the product-moment correlation and Tucker's congruence coefficient. Applications of the new coefficients are discussed.     

A family of chance-corrected association coefficients for metric scales

A chance-corrected version of the family of association coefficients for metric scales proposed by Zegers and ten Berge is presented. It is shown that a matrix with chance-corrected coefficients between a number of variables is Gramian. The members of the chance-corrected family are shown to be partially ordered. The author is obliged to Jos ten Berge for helpful comments.     

A note on analyzing ordered alternatives

A general method of devising stepwise multiple testing procedures with fixed experimentwise error is applied to the problem of non-parametric randomized block design with ordered alternatives. In addition, the method is applied to other models with ordered alternatives.The author wishes to thank the referees for helpful suggestions.     

A note on Freeman's measure of association for relating an ordered to an unordered factor

Within the context of a contingency table, this note describes the relationship between Freeman's measure of association and the asymmetric association measures developed by Somers. The coefficient is appropriate for a contingency table in which the levels of one factor are ordered and the levels of the other factor are unordered; the indices defined by Somers are usually used when the levels of both factors are ordered and one is assumed to be the independent factor.     

A note to Bollen's alternative fit measure

The problem of dependence of the nonnormed fit index on sample size in covariance structure analysis is discussed. Contrary to Bollen (1986) we show that the mean of the nonnormed fit index is independent of sample size for true and almost true models whereas Bollen's alternative index does depend on sample size.     

A note on Tryon's measure of reliability

Two alternative formulas, based upon the analysis of variance, are given for Tryon's general form for the reliability coefficient.     

A note on ROC analysis and non-parametric estimate of sensitivity

In the signal detection paradigm, the non-parametric index of sensitivity A′, as first introduced by Pollack and Norman (1964), is a popular alternative to the more traditional d′ measure of sensitivity. Smith (1995) clarified a confusion about the interpretation of A′ in relation to the area beneath proper receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and provided a formula (which he called A′′) for this commonly held interpretation. However, he made an error in his calculations. Here, we rectify this error by providing the correct formula (which we call A) and compare the discrepancy that would have resulted. The corresponding measure for bias b is also provided. Since all such calculations apply to “proper” ROC curves with non-decreasing slopes, we also prove, as a separate result, the slope-monotonicity of ROC curves generated by likelihood-ratio criterion.This revised article was published online in August 2005 with the PDF paginated correctly.     

Some symmetric,invariant measures of multivariate association

A distinction is drawn between redundancy measurement and the measurement of multivariate association for two sets of variables. Several measures of multivariate association between two sets of variables are examined. It is shown that all of these measures are generalizations of the (univariate) squared-multiple correlation; all are functions of the canonical correlations, and all are invariant under linear transformations of the original sets of variables. It is further shown that the measures can be considered to be symmetric and are strictly ordered for any two sets of observed variables. It is suggested that measures of multivariate relationship may be used to generalize the concept of test reliability to the case of vector random variables.     

建议的表面采纳的测量方法

前人研究建议采纳多集中于决策者初始决策和最终决策的区别,未曾考虑过决策者的内隐态度。本研究关注决策者的内隐态度,将建议采纳分成表面采纳与真实采纳,创新地提出用内隐联想测验法和重测法测量表面采纳。比较两种方法,它们各有利弊,内隐联想测验法理论基础较扎实但灵敏度不及重测法, 重测法操作较简便但更容易出现被试脱落等问题。     

A multidimensional measure of neighboring

The study reports the development of a short and easily administered questionnaire aiming at measuring dimensions of social life within neighborhoods. Principal-components analysis consistently extracted four factors replicated in three independent samples (N=96 to 1,060). The factors emerged as theoretically meaningful dimensions tapping the concepts of supportive acts of neighboring, neighbor annoyance, neighborhood attachment, and weak social ties. Factor invariance and factor replicability were high. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity yielded acceptable results. The principal virtue of the measure is that it may be applied to discern qualitative differences between neighborhoods by simultaneous assessments of several dimensions of neighboring. This research was financially supported by The Norwegian National Research Council. We thank Jostein Rise for valuable comments, and David R. Jacobs, Jr., and Melanie Young for advice in translating the questionnaire.     

A note on Roy's largest root

The name Roy's largest root and similar names are used in practice to label two different but functionally related statistics—one proportional to anF, and the other, a squared canonical correlation. This note presents the logic that leads to the two formulations, states which statistic some popular statistical packages use, and shows the possible source of this inconsistency in the original work of Roy (1953) and Heck (1960).     

A note on the unbiased estimation of the intraclass correlation

The intraclass correlation,, is a parameter featured in much psychological research. Two commonly used estimators of, the maximum likelihood and least squares estimators, are known to be negatively biased. Olkin and Pratt (1958) derived the minimum variance unbiased estimator of the intraclass correlation, but use of this estimator has apparently been impeded by the lack of a closed form solution. This note briefly reviews the unbiased estimator and gives a FORTRAN 77 subroutine to calculate it.The first author was supported by an All-University Fellowship from the University of Southern California.     

A note on further experiments on the effects of meprobamate on discrimination performance in the monkey

A previous experiment (Gross and Weiskrantz, 1961) has shown that performance on a successive auditory discrimination task is impaired by injections of meprobamate. The present two brief experiments indicate that the drug also impairs simultaneous visual discrimination performance, although not to the same degree as found earlier for auditory discrimination. The original finding, therefore, cannot be attributed simply to unique features of the auditory discrimination situation, such as the “go—no-go” response contingency. Since neither overtraining nor drug habituation appears to be of great importance, it is suggested that the lesser effect of the drug in these experiments reflects the greater stability of visual than auditory habits in the monkey.

Earlier work has shown that meprobamate and reserpine can cause a severe deterioration in auditory discrimination performance of monkeys (Gross and Weiskrantz, 1961). This result was taken as supporting a hypothesis, growing out of still earlier research, that tranquillizers decrease the utilization of sensory information (Weiskrantz and Wilson, 1956; Weiskrantz, 1957).

The auditory task, as is almost always the case with monkeys as subjects, involved a “go—no-go” type of response contingency—i.e. the animal had to respond to the positive stimulus and had not to respond to the negative stimulus in order to achieve reward. It might be objected, therefore, that the deterioration in performance was associated not with discrimination as such but with the animals' willingness to perform at all. In fact, it was found that the animals tended to make most of their errors under the drugs by responding when they should not rather than not responding when they should.

The purpose of the present experiments, therefore, was to test the animals with a visual discrimination task in which both the positive and negative stimuli were presented simultaneously. An effect of the drug could not, in this situation, be characterized simply as altering the responsiveness of the animal. A further purpose in using visual stimuli was to test the generality of the earlier finding in a sense modality other than audition.     

A brief measure of attitudes towards qualitative research in psychology

The use and teaching of qualitative research methods in psychology is increasing, but to date no measure has been developed to identify and measure changes in attitudes towards qualitative research in psychology student, academic, and scientist‐practitioner populations. In this article, we present the development and initial validation of a new measure, Attitudes Toward Qualitative Research in Psychology. A pool of 46 items developed from previous qualitative research along with validation measures was administered via an online survey to a convenience sample of 288 psychology students, academics, and psychologists. Principal axis factoring with varimax rotation produced a four‐factor, 18‐item solution. All factors have acceptable internal reliability. Known‐groups validity analyses based on preferred research orientation, and convergent and divergent validity analyses based on measures of attitudes towards quantitative research and researcher/practitioner orientation, provide initial validation of the measure. This brief, internally reliable measure can be used in assessing attitudes towards qualitative research in psychology and measuring change over time.     

A derived transfer of functions and the implicit association test

Participants were trained in a series of interrelated conditional discriminations that aimed to establish four 4-member equivalence classes (i.e., A1-B1-C1-D1, A2-B2-C2-D2, A3-B3-C3-D3, A4-B4-C4-D4). During this training, the four A stimuli (i.e., A1, A2, A3, and A4) were compounded with pictures containing positive or negative evaluative functions (A1/A2 negative & A3/A4 positive). The transfer of evaluative functions to directly and indirectly related members of the equivalence classes (i.e., B, C, and D stimuli) was measured using an Implicit Association Test (IAT). During consistent test blocks, participants were required to press the same response key for target words that were related to those A stimuli that possessed similar evaluative functions (A1/A2-left key & A3/A4-right key). During inconsistent test blocks, target words that were related to those A stimuli with different evaluative functions were assigned to the same response key (A1/A4-left key & A2/A3-right key). Results showed that all 8 participants, who passed a matching-to-sample equivalence test following the IAT, responded more rapidly on consistent relative to inconsistent test blocks. This typical IAT effect was not observed for those participants who did not pass the equivalence test. The results suggest that the IAT effect may arise from formally untested derived relations, and supports the argument that such relations could provide a valid behavioral model of semantic categories in natural language.     

判断偏差分析的认知-生态取样途径

对判断偏差的研究曾主要侧重于考察个体的动机和认知缺陷,而近期从认知-生态取样角度对判断偏差进行的研究则表明,判断偏差源于人与环境的交互作用。从认知-生态取样角度分析人的判断偏差着重考察以下四方面的问题：基于样本的判断涉及的多个变量,现实环境中刺激的分布,取样过程及其结果,取样过程中的心理预设与限制。认知-生态取样角度的研究对判断偏差产生的原因提供了一种全新的解释,同时,它也存在一些亟待解决的问题     

Denoting the base-free measure of change

Bond criticized the base-free measure of change proposed by Tucker, Damarin, and Messick by pointing to an incorrect derivation which is here viewed instead as a correct derivation entailing an inadequately specified tacit assumption. Bond's revision leads to estimates of the correlation between initial position and change which are negatively biased by correlated errors, whereas the original approach, with the tacit assumption properly denoted, leads to unbiased values.