脐血干细胞移植中的伦理思考

现代干细胞移植技术飞速发展.脐血干细胞移植在伦理学上具有胚胎干细胞和骨髓于细胞移植治疗不可比拟的优势,但是其伦理学上的可接受性并不等于伦理问题的消失.在脐血干细胞移植研究过程中,应该遵循伦理道德观和科学理性的原则,健康发展,造福人类.     

脐血干细胞移植治疗肌萎缩侧索硬化伦理问题的思考

肌萎缩侧索硬化症是神经系统一种致死性疾病,目前尚无有效治疗方法,脐血干细胞移植为其生存带来了希望.详细论述了脐血、干细胞与伦理学,肌萎缩侧索硬化与生命伦理学的关系,以及如何在肌萎缩侧索硬化治疗中体现生命伦理学的核心精神.面对脆弱的生命,医务人员、伦理学者和管理部门应该如何为此类疾病患者生命和健康作出应尽的职责.     

脐血干细胞移植治疗肌萎缩侧索硬化伦理问题的思考

肌萎缩侧索硬化症是神经系统一种致死性疾病,目前尚无有效治疗方法,脐血干细胞移植为其生存带来了希望。详细论述了脐血、干细胞与伦理学,肌萎缩侧索硬化与生命伦理学的关系,以及如何在肌萎缩侧索硬化治疗中体现生命伦理学的核心精神。面对脆弱的生命,医务人员、伦理学者和管理部门应该如何为此类疾病患者生命和健康作出应尽的职责。     

脑内移植发展的回顾和展望

脑内移植是神经系统疾病的一种新的治疗措施。它适应临床实践的需要而产生,历经脑内组织移植和脑内干细胞移植两个重要发展阶段,其中脑内干细胞移植的研究主要有神经干细胞移植、胚胎干细胞移植、骨髓和脐血间充质干细胞移植。脑内干细胞移植是目前国内外医学研究的热点,具有广阔的临床应用前景,但也存在许多有待解决的问题,还需要经过一个艰难曲折的探索过程,最终使之成为治疗神经系统疾病的有效方法。它的产生和发展遵循着认识论和辩证法的客观规律,体现了科学认识的实践性、深刻性和创造性。     

脑内移植发展的回顾和展望

脑内移植是神经系统疾病的一种新的治疗措施.它适应临床实践的需要而产生,历经脑内组织移植和脑内干细胞移植两个重要发展阶段,其中脑内干细胞移植的研究主要有神经干细胞移植、胚胎干细胞移植、骨髓和脐血间充质干细胞移植.脑内干细胞移植是目前国内外医学研究的热点,具有广阔的临床应用前景,但也存在许多有待解决的问题,还需要经过一个艰难曲折的探索过程,最终使之成为治疗神经系统疾病的有效方法.它的产生和发展遵循着认识论和辩证法的客观规律,体现了科学认识的实践性、深刻性和创造性.     

脐血移植及其伦理问题

脐血移植及其伦理问题山东医科大学博士生（２５００１２）庄虔立一、脐血移植的历史和现状以骨髓移植为代表的造血干细胞移植术已在全世界范围内得到迅速发展,目前已成为许多难治性血液病（如白血病、再障、地中海贫血等）、恶性肿瘤、免疫缺陷性疾病以及严重放射病的一...     

2012北京国际生命伦理学高级研讨会会议综述

在中华医学基金会(China Medical Board,CMB)资助下,2012年12月15日～17日在北京协和医学院举行了"2012北京国际生命伦理学高级研讨会",与会的国内外著名生命伦理学专家就干细胞研究及其临床转化、移植器官的捐赠和获取、生物材料数据库与表观基因组研究、知情同意等生命伦理学问题的最新进展,以及我国在生物医学研究伦理实践中和监管制度的改革面临的挑战等若干问题进行了研讨.会议共有来自全国各地的中国医学科学院/北京协和医学院系统的伦理委员会委员、科研人员、生命伦理学或医学伦理学高校教师和医疗管理者等50余人参会.CMB项目负责人翟晓梅教授主持了这次会议.     

胰岛细胞移植治疗1型糖尿病现状与未来

自2000年加拿大Edmonton报道了7例1型糖尿痛患者施行胰岛细胞移植术成功以来,越来越多的人把注意力投向了胰岛细胞移植的领域。然而,临床移植工作的成功开展还面临两大困难,一方面现有的胰岛细胞来源已经远远不能满足临床移植的需要,另一方面,现有免疫抑制方案造成了很多副作用。近年来,科技工作者正在探索新的途径,寻找新的胰岛来源。特别是包括体外重编程干细胞（iPS）、调节性T细胞和脐血干细胞在内的多种新技术的研究工作取得了许多进展,将为我们提供更多的选择,有可能成为今后的发展方向。本文就胰岛细胞移植治疗1型糖尿病的现状与未来展望进行简要的综述。     

胰岛细胞移植治疗1型糖尿病现状与未来

自2000年加拿大Edmonton报道了7例1型糖尿病患者施行胰岛细胞移植术成功以来,越来越多的人把注意力投向了胰岛细胞移植的领域.然而,临床移植工作的成功开展还面临两大困难,一方面现有的胰岛细胞来源已经远远不能满足临床移植的需要,另一方面,现有免疫抑制方案造成了很多副作用.近年来,科技工作者正在探索新的途径,寻找新的胰岛来源.特别是包括体外重编程干细胞(iPS)、调节性T细胞和脐血干细胞在内的多种新技术的研究工作取得了许多进展,将为我们提供更多的选择,有可能成为今后的发展方向.本文就胰岛细胞移植治疗1型糖尿病的现状与未来展望进行简要的综述.     

干细胞移植技术离临床治疗应用到底还有多远

骨髓细胞移植是一种早期的干细胞移植性治疗方式.干细胞分离纯化技术的革命,尤其是干细胞移植在各种临床疾病治疗中近期疗效的不断报道促成了干细胞移植技术的推广迅猛发展.胚胎干细胞或成体干细胞如何分化形成指定的有恰当功能的组织器官一直是发育生物学家和干细胞移植科学家们关注的重大研究课题.实际上,干细胞移植治疗既存在理论性困惑,又存在技术性问题,因此干细胞移植技术的实际应用前途是光明的,但道路是曲折的.     

Stem cell research in a Catholic institution: yes or no?

Catholic teaching has no moral difficulties with research on stem cells derived from adult stem cells or fetal cord blood. The ethical problem comes with embryonic stem cells since their genesis involves the destruction of a human embryo. However, there seems to be significant promise of health benefits from such research. Although Catholic teaching does not permit any destruction of human embryos, the question remains whether researchers in a Catholic institution, or any researchers opposed to destruction of human embryos, could participate in research on cultured embryonic stem cells, or whether a Catholic institution could use any therapy that ultimately results from such research. This position paper examines how such research could be conducted legitimately in a Catholic institution by using an ethical analysis involving a narrative context, the nature of the moral act, and the principle of material cooperation, along with references to significant ethical assessments. It also offers tentative guidelines that could be used by a Catholic institution in implementing such research.     

Developing human-nonhuman chimeras in human stem cell research: ethical issues and boundaries

The transplantation of adult human neural stem cells into prenatal non-humans offers an avenue for studying human neural cell development without direct use of human embryos. However, such experiments raise significant ethical concerns about mixing human and nonhuman materials in ways that could result in the development of human-nonhuman chimeras. This paper examines four arguments against such research, the moral taboo, species integrity, "unnaturalness," and human dignity arguments, and finds the last plausible. It argues that the transfer of human brain or retinal stem cells to nonhuman embryos would not result in the development of human-nonhuman chimeras that denigrate human dignity, provided such stem cells are dissociated. The article provides guidelines that set ethical boundaries for conducting such research that are consonant with the requirements of human dignity.     

At the edge of humanity: human stem cells, chimeras, and moral status

Experiments involving the transplantation of human stem cells and their derivatives into early fetal or embryonic nonhuman animals raise novel ethical issues due to their possible implications for enhancing the moral status of che chimeric individual. Although status-enhancing research is not necessarily objectionable from the perspective of the chimeric individual, there are grounds for objecting to it in the conditions in which it is likely to occur. Translating this ethical conclusion into a policy recommendation, however, is complicated by the fact that substantial empirical and ethical uncertainties remain about which transplants, if any, would significantly enhance the chimeric individual's moral status. Considerations of moral status justify either an early-termination policy on chimeric embryos, or, in the absence of such a policy, restrictions on the introduction of pluripotent human stem cells into early-stage developing animals, pending the resolution of those uncertainties.     

对我国《人体器官移植条例》的伦理审视

《人体器官移植条例》已经颁布实施,人体器官移植是一种公认的涉及敏感伦理问题的外科手术。通过分析《条例》是否充分体现了国际通行的生命/医学伦理原则,研究了人体器官移植进行进一步伦理规范的必要性,提出了人体器官移植应遵循的具体医学伦理原则。特别强调了其中的"公正"实体原则和"伦理审查"程序原则。     

Biopower,Styles of Reasoning,and What's Still Missing from the Stem Cell Debates

Until now, philosophical debate about human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research has largely been limited to its ethical dimensions and implications. Although the importance and urgency of these ethical debates should not be underestimated, the almost undivided attention that mainstream and feminist philosophers have paid to the ethical dimensions of hESC research suggests that the only philosophically interesting questions and concerns about it are by and large ethical in nature. My argument goes some distance to challenge the assumption that ethical considerations alone must be foregrounded in philosophical discussions about hESC research by introducing a critical stance on the epistemological and ontological assumptions that underlie and condition it. A central aim of the paper is to show how Foucault's insights into knowledge‐power, taken in combination with Hacking's claims about styles of reasoning, can make these assumptions evident, as well as cast light on their potentially deleterious implications for disabled people. Arguing in this way also enables me to draw out constitutive effects of research on stem cells, that is, to indicate how the discursive practices surrounding research on stem cells, as well as the technology itself, contribute to the constitution of impairment.     

开展活体器官移植的伦理学思考

活体器官移植起源于器官移植技术的最初阶段,目前已经成功开展了肾脏,肝脏,肺脏、小肠、脾脏等器官的活体移植手术,事实表明该技术不仅有其科学依据,而且有其伦理学依据,即以人类自身伟大的奉献精神来关爱他人。但开展这一技术时务必需要遵循知情自愿原则,生命价值原则,利益和风险并存原则。当然在积极肯定这一技术的同时,也应该看到这一技术也存在一些伦理学方面尚未解决的问题。     

Some Ethical Concerns About Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human induced pluripotent stem cells can be obtained from somatic cells, and their derivation does not require destruction of embryos, thus avoiding ethical problems arising from the destruction of human embryos. This type of stem cell may provide an important tool for stem cell therapy, but it also results in some ethical concerns. It is likely that abnormal reprogramming occurs in the induction of human induced pluripotent stem cells, and that the stem cells generate tumors in the process of stem cell therapy. Human induced pluripotent stem cells should not be used to clone human beings, to produce human germ cells, nor to make human embryos. Informed consent should be obtained from patients in stem cell therapy.     

论人体肾脏捐献中的合理补偿原则

无偿捐献作为当前获取肾脏的伦理原则,是最没有争议、最理想的,但是依靠单纯的无偿捐献所获器官远远不能满足医疗的需求。合理补偿原则既可以有效增加供体数量,又不违背伦理学原则,而且更具有道德上的广泛性和现实的可行性。相信合理补偿原则的实施将会大大促进我国器官移植事业的发展。