自尊结构的压力调节作用研究

内隐自尊和外显自尊是自尊的两种不同元素,自尊结构指的是外显自尊和内隐自尊在个体身上的不同结合形式。本研究探讨了自尊结构对个体压力的调节作用。研究发现:个体的高内隐自尊/外显自尊结构表现出对压力性生活事件的调节作用,高外显自尊/低内隐自尊、低外显自尊/高内隐自尊、低外显/内隐自尊个体没有表现出压力的调节效应。研究最后探讨了自尊结构研究的可能发展方向。     

自我概念清晰性和个体心理调适的关系

本研究探讨了自我概念清晰性、自尊和心理调适之间的关系。研究发现:高自尊个体具有明晰的自我概念;自尊和自我概念清晰性都表现出压力缓冲作用;自尊和自我概念清晰性交互影响着个体的心理调适。此外,研究探讨了自我概念清晰性研究的可能发展方向。     

自尊权变性的概念、性质和作用及其研究展望

旨在介绍和评价西方研究者在自尊权变性的理论探讨和实证研究方面的成果。首先简述了自尊权变性的基本概念,然后分别对自尊领域权变性的概念、测量、作用、形成与发展等内容以及自尊权变性与最优自尊的关系作出了总结,最后,针对有关研究中反映出的问题进行了分析和展望。     

儿童青少年自尊发展理论建构与实证研究

自尊是包含能力和价值的重要心理资源,是个体心理健康的核心。多年来,我们围绕自尊开展了一系列理论建构及其相关的实证研究。其中,理论建构包括对自尊内涵和本质的探寻、"倒立的金字塔"自尊结构模型的建构。同时,运用多种方法对个体自尊的发展进行了实证研究,包括婴幼儿早期自尊的观察研究、小学生自尊发展与学校适应的关系研究、青少年自尊发展特点横向和纵向比较、特殊群体自尊与心理健康的关系研究。最后,运用实验方法分析了诱发失败情境下自尊对不良情绪的缓冲作用,不同自尊类型被试的记忆偏向和情感反应。这些研究为丰富国内自尊领域的研究成果做出了贡献。     

集体自尊的研究评述

随着集体自尊概念的提出,近年来,国内外学者对集体自尊进行了初步探索。研究者们就集体自尊的内涵及结构、集体自尊与个体自尊的关系、内隐集体自尊进行了研究,同时,也展开集体自尊与心理健康、集体自尊与群体评价的研究。然而,目前对于集体自尊的研究尚不够深入和广泛,对集体自尊产生机制的探讨仍然较少。本文综述了集体自尊的研究现状,对集体自尊的未来研究进行了展望。     

外显自尊、内隐自尊及其分离对建议采纳的影响

研究探讨了外显自尊和内隐自尊及其分离对建议采纳的影响。研究1通过测量的方式来探讨外显自尊、内隐自尊以及自尊分离对建议采纳的影响; 研究2通过启动高内隐自尊, 进一步验证自尊分离对建议采纳的影响; 研究3通过加入自我概念清晰性的测量, 考察自我概念清晰性是否中介了自尊分离对建议采纳的关系。运用回归分析、Bootstrap等方法对数据进行处理, 结果显示, 外显自尊与建议采纳成负相关, 内隐自尊与建议采纳的相关不显著; 自尊分离时, 建议采纳程度越高, 这种现象在低外显/高内隐的自尊种类下更显著; 而自我概念清晰性部分中介了自尊分离对建议采纳的影响。     

“民族认同，国家认同”与青少年自尊的关系

自尊被普遍认为是青少年的发展中的一个重要因素,已有研究发现它与心理幸福感呈显著的正相关,并与沮丧和绝望呈显著的负相关。就是由于自尊的心理上的重要性,所以有大量的研究来探讨它的影响因素。大多数对自尊的研究主要关注的是个体的能力和人际问的经历来作为自尊主要成分。尽管自尊的个人资源明显是很重要的,但是这样的关注忽略了自尊的群体成员方面的影响。本文就是探讨群体认同,尤其是考察民族认同和更广层面的国家认同.对少数民族青少年自尊的预测。     

父母教养方式对少年儿童自尊发展影响的研究

本论文采用量表法对664名小学四、五、六年级和初中一、二年级的学生进行研究,探讨了父母教养方式对少年儿童自尊发展的影响。结果发现:父母的教养方式对少年儿童自尊的发展具有显着的影响。父母对少年儿童采取“温暖与理解”的教养方式会促进少年儿童自尊的发展,提高儿童的自尊水平。相反,父母对少年儿童采取“惩罚与严厉”“过分干涉”“拒绝与否认”“过度保护”等教养方式,都会不同程度地阻碍少年儿童自尊的发展,降低儿童的自尊水平。     

基于分化/整合视角的自尊结构与心理调适的关系

研究采用中介性调节分析策略,探讨了大学生外显自尊、内隐自尊、自我概念清晰性和抑郁的关系.研究发现:外显自尊与抑郁呈显著负相关.内隐自尊调节着外显自尊和抑郁的关系;外显自尊与自我概念清晰性呈显著正相关,内隐自尊调节着外显自尊和自我概念清晰性的关系;外显自尊×内隐自尊对抑郁的效应是通过自我概念清晰性这一中介变量实现的.     

自尊结构研究的发展趋势

近年来,自尊结构的研究领域内出现了一些新进展,主要表现在：（1）内隐自尊研究的逐步兴起;（2）由注重总体自尊的研究到注重研究自尊的结构和具体自尊;（3）注重对自尊稳定性维度的分析研究;（4）注重对自尊结构的跨文化研究。这些都为我们理解和探讨自尊结构提供了新的观点和视角。文章综述了该研究领域的进展,并对今后的自尊结构研究作了展望。     

Life-span development of self-esteem and its effects on important life outcomes

We examined the life-span development of self-esteem and tested whether self-esteem influences the development of important life outcomes, including relationship satisfaction, job satisfaction, occupational status, salary, positive and negative affect, depression, and physical health. Data came from the Longitudinal Study of Generations. Analyses were based on 5 assessments across a 12-year period of a sample of 1,824 individuals ages 16 to 97 years. First, growth curve analyses indicated that self-esteem increases from adolescence to middle adulthood, reaches a peak at about age 50 years, and then decreases in old age. Second, cross-lagged regression analyses indicated that self-esteem is best modeled as a cause rather than a consequence of life outcomes. Third, growth curve analyses, with self-esteem as a time-varying covariate, suggested that self-esteem has medium-sized effects on life-span trajectories of affect and depression, small to medium-sized effects on trajectories of relationship and job satisfaction, a very small effect on the trajectory of health, and no effect on the trajectory of occupational status. These findings replicated across 4 generations of participants--children, parents, grandparents, and their great-grandparents. Together, the results suggest that self-esteem has a significant prospective impact on real-world life experiences and that high and low self-esteem are not mere epiphenomena of success and failure in important life domains.     

短时记忆的一生发展研究

短时记忆的发展一直是认知发展领域的一个重要课题。近年来一生发展的思想给短时记忆的发展研究又注入了新的内容。文章介绍了关于从婴儿到老年各个时期中短时记忆发展状况及其机制的研究进展。对短时记忆在一生发展中是否存在真正的容量变化、个体差异原因与发展变化原因的关系、短时记忆的一生发展过程等基本问题进行了讨论。     

Integrating the Life Course and Life-Span: Formulating Research Questions with Dual Points of Entry

Although life-span psychology and life course sociology share much in common, they also differ in significant ways. One such difference concerns their points of entry into the study of human behavior: When formulating questions, life-span psychologists typically begin with cognitive, emotional, or motivational characteristics of the person, and life course sociologists often begin with social context and roles. Yet by developing research programs with dual points of entry, encompassing both psychological functions and social context and roles, behavioral scientists will encourage interdisciplinary work that cuts across the life-span and life course. This strategy also encourages research that examines person-context interactions, which are likely features of development and aging. We illustrate the dual points of entry approach by considering career development during the transition to adulthood.     

Applied developmental psychology as an implementation of a life-span view of human development

Application of knowledge about psychological development should, ideally, be theory based. As such, these applications represent “natural ontogenetic experiments”; the results of the evaluation of such interventions feed back to the theory, helping to support, falsify, or refine the ideas from the theory which led to the particular application. Such applied developmental intervention research is central within a currently popular perspective of life-span human development. Thus, applied developmental intervention research provides critical tests of such key concepts within this life-span perspective as: plasticity; multidirectionality; the synthesis of continuous and discontinuous processes across ontogeny; contextual embeddedness; and the role of individuals as agents in their own development. This paper elucidates some of the major features of the dynamic linkage between applied developmental psychology and this view of life-span human development. Key elements of this life-span perspective and the facts of developmental intervention, as seen from this perspective, are specified. Finally, the doctoral training program at the authors' institution is presented as one example of how this link may be institutionalized in the form of graduate education.     

Self-Discrepancy Across the Life Span

This study examined the developmental trajectory of self-discrepancies in adulthood and the role of self-discrepancies in the maintenance of psychological well-being. One hundred fourteen adults completed mailed surveys that assessed physical health, actual self and ideal self, depression, anxiety, self-esteem, and self-discrepancy. Examination of age differences in actual self and ideal self assessments showed that ideal self ratings converged with actual self ratings for older adults but were significantly different for young and middle-aged adults, which indicated a decline in self-discrepancy with age. Mean scores on the self-discrepancy scale indicated less self-discrepancy in old age, but the differences were not significant. Self-discrepancy mediated the effects of health problems on depression, anxiety, self-esteem, environmental mastery, and self-acceptance. Results support life-span theory suggesting that self-discrepancy declines in old age and that this decline is positively related to psychological well-being.     

游戏促进幼儿自尊的实验研究

本研究设计五种游戏类型,并通过教育现场实验促进幼儿自尊发展。结果表明:1.游戏促进了幼儿自尊的发展。2.不同年龄幼儿获得自尊的典型游戏类型不同,促进幼儿自尊发展的典型游戏:小班为生活游戏、体育游戏,中班为美工游戏、体育游戏,大班为智力游戏和角色游戏。     

The Development of Self-Esteem and the Role of Agency and Communion: A Longitudinal Study among Chinese

There is a long and rich history of research on self-esteem in children. However, little is known about developmental changes in self-esteem and the association between self-esteem and two basic dimensions of social cognition. This study aims to examine the developmental trajectory of self-esteem and its relationships with two basic dimensions of social cognition: agency and communion among 276 Chinese elementary school students by a two-wave 1-year longitudinal study. Agentic characteristics aid in achieving goals, while communion refers to qualities that aid in social relationships. Both play a part in children’s developing self-esteem to varying degrees. The changes in self-esteem on mean-level and individual-level and the rank-order stability of self-esteem were assessed and the results showed that the development of self-esteem was relatively stable but with some fluctuations during childhood, and no gender difference was found in its development in a Chinese setting. Hierarchical regression was used to test the association of agency and communion with self-esteem and the findings showed that children’s self-esteem was dominated by agency over communion in general; however, when grade was taken into consideration, the predictive effect of agency and communion on children’s self-esteem changed from communion to agency from younger to older children, respectively.     

毕生发展心理学的新进展

毕生发展心理学是近年来比较活跃的心理学研究领域。本文主要综述了它在理论和实践上的新进展。理论分析首先提出了生物和文化共同进化的毕生发展总体框架,接着在此框架下阐述了带有补偿的选择性最优化理论。然后,以智力发展和才智的实证研究来支持毕生发展的理论,并对该领域的新发展作了简要评价。     

Stress and reproduction: introduction to the special section.

This special section on stress and reproduction is devoted to an emerging frontier in interdisciplinary research that merits the attention of health psychologists. The majority of the studies concern the role of stress and emotion on birth outcomes such as low birth weight, fetal growth and preterm delivery, or mechanisms underlying these findings. The implications of this research extend from maternal and infant health to life-span development and adult health and mortality.