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1.
Despite its widespread practice among primates writ large, social scientists have given mutual grooming among humans little
attention. This research provides an important first step in describing mutual grooming among humans. A scale was developed
to measure self-reported giving and receiving of grooming. In Study 1, 184 female and 94 male participants first indicated
their closest emotional relationship (for example, romantic partner, best friend, etcetera). They then completed the grooming
measure pertaining to that emotionally close target person. Finally, they completed indices of relationship trust, relationship
satisfaction, and parental/familial affection. Individuals who focused on their romantic partners (N = 134) reported more mutual grooming than individuals who focused on other types of relationships. Relationship satisfaction,
previous experience of familial affection, and trust were positively correlated with mutual grooming for romantically involved
individuals. Study 2 (N = 71 heterosexual couples) explored psychological correlates of mutual grooming within romantic dyads. Individuals with more
promiscuous attitudes and those who scored high on the anxiety subscale of an adult attachment style measure reported grooming
their partners most frequently. Findings were consistent with several proposed functions of grooming: (a) potential parental-investment
indicator, (b) developing trust, and (c) courtship/flirtation—all of which play roles in pair-bonding. At first glance, humans
may not appear to groom each other with the same fervor as other primates. However, we posit that humans are, in actuality,
groomers par excellence. 相似文献
2.
Despite its widespread practice among primates writ large, social scientists have given mutual grooming among humans little
attention. This research provides an important first step in describing mutual grooming among humans. A scale was developed
to measure self-reported giving and receiving of grooming. In Study 1, 184 female and 94 male participants first indicated
their closest emotional relationship (for example, romantic partner, best friend, etcetera). They then completed the grooming
measure pertaining to that emotionally close target person. Finally, they completed indices of relationship trust, relationship
satisfaction, and parental/familial affection. Individuals who focused on their romantic partners (N = 134) reported more mutual grooming than individuals who focused on other types of relationships. Relationship satisfaction,
previous experience of familial affection, and trust were positively correlated with mutual grooming for romantically involved
individuals. Study 2 (N = 71 heterosexual couples) explored psychological correlates of mutual grooming within romantic dyads. Individuals with more
promiscuous attitudes and those who scored high on the anxiety subscale of an adult attachment style measure reported grooming
their partners most frequently. Findings were consistent with several proposed functions of grooming: (a) potential parental-investment
indicator, (b) developing trust, and (c) courtship/flirtation—all of which play roles in pair-bonding. At first glance, humans
may not appear to groom each other with the same fervor as other primates. However, we posit that humans are, in actuality,
groomers par excellence. 相似文献
3.
Using an experimental design, male (n = 41) and female (n = 46) undergraduate students in the southeastern USA evaluated an identical written lecture by a male and female professor
on pay disparities between men and women in the workforce suggesting sex discrimination. Regardless of the students’ sex,
the male professor and his lecture was rated more positively and less sexist than the female professor. Moderated multiple
regression analysis indicated that more traditional and gender stereotypical attitudes toward women in male students were
related to greater sexism ratings of the female professor compared to the male professor whereas; no differences on ratings
of sexism between the male and female professor were found for male students with more liberal attitudes. 相似文献
4.
We compared final written letters and spoken phonemes and syllable length in the names of male (N = 250) and female (N = 197) Golden Retrievers to determine if the same gender-stereotyping trends occurring in humans also appeared in dog names.
Names were taken from a website of the most popular Golden Retriever names in English speaking countries. Both male and female
dogs had names ending in letters and phonemes characteristic of their respective human male and female counterparts. Female
dogs had more syllables in their names than male dogs and a higher percentage of male dogs had one syllable names. We conclude
that the similarities between human and dog naming practices reflect a pervasive gendered naming phonology. 相似文献
5.
6.
Karen P. Powell Whitney A. Cogswell Carol A. Christianson Gaurav Dave Amit Verma Sonja Eubanks Vincent C. Henrich 《Journal of genetic counseling》2012,21(1):113-126
The purpose of this study was to assess primary care physicians’ awareness, experience, opinions and preparedness to answer
patients’ questions regarding direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing. An anonymous survey was mailed to 2,402 family and
internal medicine providers in North Carolina. Of the 382 respondents, 38.7% (n = 148) were aware of and 15% (n = 59) felt prepared to answer questions about DTC genetic tests. Respondents aged 50 or older were more likely to be aware
of DTC genetic testing than those less than 40 years old (OR = 2.42). Male providers were more likely to feel prepared to answer questions than female providers (OR = 2.65). Among respondents who reportedly were aware, family practitioners were more likely than internists (OR = 3.30) to think DTC testing was clinically useful, and 18.9% had patients ask questions or bring in test results. The small
percent of physicians who were aware of DTC genetic testing or felt prepared to answer questions about it suggests that education
of providers will be necessary if testing becomes more widespread. 相似文献
7.
Verbal coercion involves unwanted sexual penetration compelled by psychological pressure. It was hypothesized that, to the
degree that verbal coercion is seen as controllable, victims may be held more responsible. Two samples of US undergraduates
rated perceptions of hypothetical sexual coercion scenarios. In Study 1, participants (N = 120) read scenarios of either verbal coercion or rape by a male dating partner. Participants perceived verbal coercion
as more controllable than rape, which accounted for the greater responsibility attributed to verbal coercion victims. In Study
2, participants (N = 275) read scenarios involving either male-to-female or female-to-male verbal coercion. Participants perceived female-to-male
coercion as more controllable, which accounted for the greater responsibility attributed to a verbally coerced man. 相似文献
8.
Lauren K. Williams Lina A. Ricciardelli Marita P. McCabe Boyd A. Swinburn Gade G. Waqa Kelera Bavadra 《Sex roles》2006,55(7-8):555-566
Australian and Fijian adolescent girls reported on the influence that sociocultural factors, including parents, peers, and
the media, had on their body image attitudes. It was expected that messages that promote a thin body would be less prevalent
among Fijians, as their cultural traditions place more importance on robust body sizes. An inductive thematic analysis of
the girls’ semi-structured interviews indicated that both Fijian (n = 16) and Australian (n = 16) girls (aged 13–17) reported messages from similar sources, which included parents, siblings, and friends/peers. Australian
girls consistently reported messages that reinforced thinness. On the other hand, Fijian girls reported messages that emphasized
both thinness and robustness. The discussion focuses on the conflict between Western ideals and cultural Fijian traditions
and the implications for culturally sensitive interventions. 相似文献
9.
Perceived risk is a complex concept that influences the genetic counseling process and can affect client coping and behavior.
Although the association between family history and risk perception is well recognized in the literature, no studies have
explored this relationship specifically in those seeking genetic susceptibility testing for a common chronic condition. REVEAL
is a randomized trial assessing the impact of APOE disclosure and genetic risk assessment for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Using
baseline REVEAL data, we hypothesized that there would be a significant association between the degree of AD family history
and risk perception of AD, and that this relationship would be stronger in those who believed that genetics is a very important
AD risk factor. In our sample of 293 participants, we found that a higher self-perceived risk of AD was associated with strength
of family history of AD (p < 0.001), belief in genetics as an important AD risk factor (p < 0.001), being female (p < 0.001) and being Caucasian (p = 0.02). These results are the first to demonstrate the association between family history and risk perception in persons
volunteering for genetic susceptibility testing for a common complex disease. 相似文献
10.
While literature characterizing individual genetic counselors’ abortion attitudes is sparse, the National Society of Genetic
Counselors takes a clear stance for reproductive autonomy. To determine genetic counselors’ views, this study compared (1)
genetic counselors’ abortion attitudes to those of women from the general population and (2) genetic counselors’ professional
abortion attitudes to their personal abortion attitudes. Genetic counselors were invited to complete an online survey. Response
rate was 44.3% (709/1,601). Compared to women from the general population, female genetic counselors were significantly more
likely to agree abortion should be an option in all cases (p < .001). Controlling for other possible confounders, regression analyses revealed that being a genetic counselor, religious
service attendance and age were significantly predictive of abortion attitudes. Although the vast majority of genetic counselors
agree that abortion should be available, they are significantly less likely to personally consider abortion under all circumstances
presented (p < .001), and the percentage of genetic counselors who would consider terminating in the case of a severe birth defect is
similar to studies of other women. 相似文献
11.
Madeline H. Meier Wendy S. Slutske Andrew C. Heath Nicholas G. Martin 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(5):653-664
In the current study, two hypotheses about the role of harsh discipline (HD) in explaining the sex difference in the prevalence
of conduct disorder (CD) were evaluated: that boys exhibit more CD than girls because (1) they are exposed to more HD and/or
(2) there is a greater association between HD and CD in boys. These hypotheses were evaluated in a sample of male and female
adult twins from different families (N = 3,502) as well as a sample of adult twin brothers and sisters (N = 655) in order to examine the extent to which sex differences remained after controlling for between-family differences.
Retrospective reports of HD experienced between ages 6–13 and DSM-IV CD symptoms experienced before age 18 were obtained via
structured psychiatric telephone interviews. Boys reported higher mean levels of HD and CD than girls, both between and within
families, and the results of model-fitting analyses suggested that differences in the use of harsh disciplinary practices
for sons versus daughters may partially explain the sex difference in the prevalence of CD. Between families, the relation
between HD and CD was greater for girls than boys, but within families, there was no evidence of a sex difference in the relation
between HD and CD. Inconsistent between-family and within-family results suggest that factors that differ between families
are confounded with sex differences in the relation between HD and CD. A more stringent test of sex differences involves eliminating
these between-family differences by studying boys and girls within the same family. 相似文献
12.
James R. Angelini 《Sex roles》2008,58(1-2):127-135
Emotional responses to mediated messages are dependent on the viewer and the content of the message. In this experiment, self-reported
emotional responses of undergraduate females (N = 43) to gendered sports portrayals featuring male and female athletes were measured on the self-assessment mannikin. Female
viewers felt more positive, aroused and dominant while watching sports broadcasts featuring female athletes rather than broadcasts
featuring male athletes. These finding suggest that female viewers have these emotional responses due to the fact that these
female athletes are surpassing the expectations their participation held in a traditionally masculine area. Also, feelings
of positivity and arousal toward male athletes participating in feminine sports shows an acceptance of male athletes exhibiting
characteristics traditionally thought exclusive to females. 相似文献
13.
Katarina M. Sussner Lina Jandorf Hayley S. Thompson Heiddis B. Valdimarsdottir 《Journal of genetic counseling》2010,19(3):255-268
Background: Latinas are less likely to use genetic services (counseling and testing) for hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer risk
compared to other ethnic groups. Meanwhile, little is known about barriers to genetic counseling among Latinas at increased
risk of inherited breast cancer. Methods: A two-phase pilot study was conducted to examine interest, barriers and beliefs about BRCA genetic counseling among at-risk
Latinas in New York City and explore the potential for developing a culturally-tailored narrative educational tool for use
in future studies. Phase 1 included quantitative telephone interviews (N = 15) with bilingual participants with a personal diagnosis at a young age and/or family history of breast and/or ovarian
cancer. Quantitative results informed development of a narrative prototype educational presentation viewed by a subset of
participants (N = 10) in Phase 2 focus groups. Results: Despite barriers, including lack of awareness/knowledge, concerns related to learning cancer risks of family members, and
concerns about cost/health insurance, participants reported positive attitudes, beliefs and interest in learning about BRCA
genetic counseling. Further, significant increases in knowledge were demonstrated from pre-post presentation (p = 0.04). Conclusion: There is an unmet need to educate at-risk Latinas about BRCA genetic counseling. Culturally-tailored educational materials
including narratives may increase knowledge about BRCA genetic counseling among this underserved group. The effectiveness
of these approaches should be tested in future research with larger samples. 相似文献
14.
This study was designed to examine the impact of caregiver gender and employment status on laypeople's willingness to support the caregiver. A total of 216 undergraduates were randomly assigned to read 1 of 4 vignettes that described an individual caring for his or her physically ill spouse. Caregiver gender (man or woman) and employment status (full-time employment or retirement) were manipulated. Overall, female participants reported that they would provide higher levels of support than did male participants, particularly with regard to emotional support. Male participants were more likely than female participants to attend to caregiver employment status when rating their level of instrumental support provision. Gender of the caregiver did not exert an effect. Findings are interpreted in light of gender norms that allocate care of sick family members to women. 相似文献
15.
This study investigates the effects of physician gender and communication styles on participant responses to physicians. Participants were 146 mostly low-income students (50% Caucasian, 50% African-American) who each viewed one of four videotapes of physicians varying in communication style (affiliative, controlling) and gender (male, female). The affiliative communication style evoked the greatest levels of participant satisfaction, trust, self-disclosure, and compliance. Physician gender did not significantly affect these variables. Participants' recall of medical information showed an interaction: When the physician was male, participants recalled more when he was controlling than when he was affiliative; when the physician was female, communication style did not affect participant recall. Results suggest that physician communication style is more important than gender in determining patient response. 相似文献
16.
Martin D. Coleman 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2011,30(4):345-354
The influence of specific emotions (guilt and revulsion) on the self-serving bias was investigated. Participants were recruited
from an undergraduate population. There were 360 participants (132 male) with a mean age of 19.41 years. Participants took
part in an online study, which involved taking a ten-question test, completing an emotional induction, receiving test feedback,
and making an attribution for test performance. Results revealed a significant effect of feedback (p < 0.001) indicating the self-serving bias. Results also revealed a significant effect of emotion over this self-serving bias.
Both guilty and revolted participants made less self-enhancing attributions for success (p = 0.04), and less self-protecting attributions for failure (p = 0.006). The hypothesis that the valence of specific emotions influences the self-serving bias was supported. No support
was found for the hypothesis that the appraisal dimensions of specific emotions influence the self-serving bias. Theoretical
and practical implications are discussed. 相似文献
17.
Powell KP Christianson CA Cogswell WA Dave G Verma A Eubanks S Henrich VC 《Journal of genetic counseling》2012,21(3):469-478
To assess the educational needs of North Carolina primary care physicians (PCPs) about direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing,
surveys were mailed to 2,402 family and internal medicine providers in North Carolina. Out of 382 respondents, 323 (85%) felt
unprepared to answer patient questions and 282 (74%) reported wanting to learn about DTC genetic testing. A total of 148 (39%)
were aware of DTC genetic testing. Among these, 63 (43%) thought DTC genetic testing was clinically useful. PCPs who felt
either unprepared to answer patient questions (OR = 0.354, p = 0.01) or that DTC genetic testing was clinically useful (OR = 5.783, p = 0.00) were more likely to want to learn about DTC genetic testing. PCPs are interested in learning about DTC genetic testing,
but are mostly unaware of DTC testing and feel unprepared to help patients with DTC testing results. Familiar and trusted
channels that provide the information and tools PCPs need to help answer patient’s questions and manage their care should
be used when creating educational programs. 相似文献
18.
The current research was designed to examine objective and contextual factors related to the appraisal of potentially sexually harassing situations. Working female participants (n = 208) from a mid-sized southwestern university completed a workplace experiences survey in small groups. The majority of participants were Hispanic/Latina (77.9%). We predicted that characteristics of personal harassment experiences (e.g., number of distinct types of behaviors experienced, frequency, duration) and bystander harassment experiences would contribute independently to how upset women were by their own sexual harassment experiences. Results indicated that characteristics of personal harassment experiences and bystander experiences did predict how upset women were by their own gender harassment and by unwanted sexual attention experiences. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of considering multiple types of workplace stressors (e.g., personal and bystander sexual harassment experiences) and their relation to the appraisal process. 相似文献
19.
This article examines the impact of providing personalized familial cancer risk assessments with the Jameslink Cancer Risk Assessment Tool. Users of the Jameslink (N = 166) at eight community health fairs completed a survey including demographic, psychosocial and behavioral variables to
better understand responses to the Jameslink. No differences were found between whites and those of other races for variables of interest, indicating suitability of the
Jameslink for diverse populations. Those with higher Jameslink-assessed risk had higher perceived risk of cancer. Approximately half (53.8%) reported that they would speak to their physician
about their Jameslink-assessed risk. A regression found Jameslink-assessed risk, cancer worry, and perceived risk of cancer predicted intentions to speak to a physician about their risk.
In addition, open-ended data provided suggestions to improve the Jameslink. Changes in content and format were suggested; however most were happy with the program and encouraged its promotion. The
lack of findings for differences as a function of race bolsters the use of computerized Cancer Risk Assessment Tools in diverse
communities. The positive feedback of users and the close association between cancer risk assessment, perceived risk, and
intention to speak to a physician are supportive of continued use and development of Cancer Risk Assessment Tools in the community
to promote awareness of cancer risk. 相似文献
20.
The current study investigated gender differences in the personal hero choices, hero attributions, and characteristics attributed
to “typical” male and female heroes of children living in the Midwestern United States (N = 103; mean age = 10 years). Questionnaires were completed in a school setting. The majority of girls chose heroes personally
known to them; boys chose personal and public figures equally often. Most boys chose same gender heroes; girls’ nominations
were mixed. Gender differences were also seen in the characteristics children attributed to their own heroes and in their
conceptions of “typical” male and female heroes. Children rated same-gender “typical” heroes more positively on many attributes,
except for stereotypically masculine characteristics. Gender socialization, stereotypes, and in-group favoritism were used
to explain these findings.
Portions of this project were presented at the 2003 Society for Research on Child Development Biennial Meeting. We wish to
thank Anna V. Persson and Sara E. Goldstein for their assistance on the early development of this study. We also appreciate
the children, teachers, guidance counselors and principals at Leipsic Local School and Pandora-Gilboa Elementary School for
making this study possible. Inquiries about this study should be addressed to Shayla Holub, . 相似文献