中小学生字词再认中场合效应的发展研究

以223名小五、初二、高二学生为被试,探讨对学习项目的加工水平与再认中场合效应的关系以及这种关系的年龄特征。结果表明:(1)当对学习项目进行深加工时,场合因素对三个年级再认效果的影响没有表现出年龄趋势;当对学习项目进行浅加工时,场合因素对小学五年级再认效果的影响显著高于对初二、高二年级的影响,而初二、高二年级的差异不显著;(2)小学五年级学生再认中的场合效应与掩蔽模型的假设一致,初二、高二年级学生的场合效应与加和整体匹配模型的假设一致。     

中性词和负性词的纯粹接触效应

纯粹接触效应指刺激的重复呈现能增加个体对该刺激的喜好。该研究考察中性和负性情绪的非新异刺激能否产生纯粹接触效应。首先评定挑选出本身不使人产生偏好倾向的中性和负性词对。实验一、二分别以所选中性词和负性词为材料, 每个词阈下呈现6次或1次, 后进行偏好判断和再认判断。结果发现, 对多次接触的中性词,偏好分数显著高于随机水平, 再认成绩与随机水平无显著差异; 对多次接触的负性词, 偏好分数和再认成绩均与随机水平相比无显著差异。研究表明, 在阈下呈现的条件下, 中性的非新异刺激能产生经典纯粹接触效应, 而负性非新异刺激则无此种效应。负性情绪材料纯粹接触效应的这一特异性可用加工水平模型解释。     

加工水平和呈现时间对错误记忆的影响

在DRM范式下,通过操纵加工水平和呈现时间,考察它们对错误记忆和真实记忆的影响.结果发现,加工水平对错误记忆没有影响,随着对词表加工水平的提高,错误再认率差异不显著.而加工水平对正确记忆有显著影响,不同加工水平间的正确再认率差异极其显著.错误记忆与正确记忆在加工水平上表现出了分离.在较慢呈现时间下,呈现时间对错误记忆和正确记忆的影响均不显著.     

字频和加工水平对汉字记忆中错误联接的影响

通过实验考察字频和加工水平对汉字记忆中错误联接的影响。研究表明:汉字再认记忆中出现频率和强度的镜子效应。低频联合诱字的错误再认率高于高频联合诱字的错误再认率。加工水平对联合诱字的错误再认率没有影响。研究可用修正后的SAC模型进行解释,修正后的模型具有更大的适应性。     

启动情绪和呈现方式对错误记忆的影响

采用DRM范式(Deese-Roediger-Mc Dermott paradigm),考察了启动情绪状态下词表项目的呈现方式对错误记忆的影响。结果发现:(1)启动情绪主效应不显著。(2)词表项目的呈现方式主效应显著。(3)启动情绪与呈现方式间存在交互作用。在愉快启动情绪状态下分组呈现的错误再认率明显高于随机呈现条件;当词表项目分组呈现时,三种情绪状态下的错误再认率有显著差异,其中愉快启动情绪下的错误再认率最高,其次是悲伤情绪,最低的为对照组—非启动情绪状态。说明启动的愉快情绪增强了对关键诱饵的连续激活累积效应,从而导致对关键诱饵较高的错误再认率。     

刺激呈现次数和位置对纯粹接触效应的影响研究

纯粹接触效应是指个体接触一个刺激的次数越频繁,个体对该刺激就越喜欢的现象。本文通过两个实验考察刺激的呈现次数与位置对纯粹接触效应的影响。实验1讨论了纯粹接触效应与刺激呈现次数之间的关系,发现刺激的偏好程度和再认成绩在不同的刺激呈现次数水平上都具有显著性差异。实验2讨论了纯粹接触效应与刺激呈现位置之间的关系,结果发现不同呈现位置上刺激的偏好程度不具有显著性差异,而再认成绩之间具有显著性差异。     

再认记忆中的概率学习效应:加工分离框架

采用加工分离程序(PDP)与多项加工树模型,对比检验PDP与背景鉴别模型的构思效度;操纵加工水平与项目比例,考察再认记忆中的内隐学习效应。结果表明:(1)包含和排除测验都表现出加工水平效应,包含测验具有视听通道效应。(2)在单一操作中分离出意识回忆和自动加工两种过程。(3)在语义编码条件下出现了概率学习效应,自动加工可能具有情境依存性。未发现支持背景鉴别模型的结果。     

阅读方式和学习次数对中文词汇的产生效应的影响

产生效应是指朗读单词的记忆成绩要好于默读单词的。目前存在特异观和强度观两种理论解释,特异观强调朗读的相对特殊性,强度观强调朗读单词的编码强度高于默读单词的。为了检验两种理论,本研究采用“学习-再认”的实验范式,将阅读方式分别设置为被试内和被试间变量,通过两项实验考察阅读方式和学习次数对中文词汇的产生效应的影响。实验1采用被试内设计考察阅读方式和学习次数对产生效应的影响。结果发现阅读方式和学习次数的主效应显著,二者的交互作用不显著。实验2将阅读方式设置为被试间变量,采用混合设计考察阅读方式和学习次数对产生效应的影响。结果发现学习次数的主效应显著,阅读方式的主效应和二者的交互作用不显著。结果表明产生效应未随着项目编码强度的增强而增强,支持特异观。     

测试阶段启动导致的错误记忆

该研究采用DRM范式探讨测试阶段启动导致的错误记忆现象。实验一采用传统"测试诱导启发程序"探讨关键诱饵前词数以及关键诱饵前词是否启动关键诱饵对错误再认的影响。实验二改进传统"测试诱导启发程序"排除反应定势影响下进一步考察实验一两自变量对关键诱饵错误再认的影响。结果表明:(1)测试阶段的启动确实对错误记忆有影响,关键诱饵前呈现6个词比呈现3个词引发更多的错误记忆,但是比起学习阶段的语义联想激活测试阶段的语义启动效应很微弱,关键诱饵前呈现启动词与非启动词对错误记忆影响不显著。(2)在排除反应定势后的不确定条件下,"赌徒谬误"心理对被试判断起一定作用。     

预警和呈现时间对错误再认和错误回忆的影响

采用DRM范式,通过两个实验探讨了学习阶段的预警和词表呈现时间对错误再认与错误回忆的影响异同以及其发生作用的可能条件.采用视觉-视觉通道的学习-测验模式,实验1使用再认测验,结果发现呈现时间对错误再认不存在影响,而预警提示有效地降低了错误再认;实验2使用回忆测验,依然没有发现呈现时间对错误回忆的影响效应,预警的效应也消失.以上结果表明:(1)预警对错误回忆的影响受到编码时呈现通道的影响,视觉编码条件下预警效果甚微,而错误再认则无此通道效应;(2)呈现时间的较大变化可同时促进激活与监测过程,错误记忆效应的大小是激活与监测双加工过程此消彼长的交互作用结果.     

Parts of me: Identity-relevance moderates self-prioritization

Recent research has revealed a pervasive bias for self-relevant information during decision-making, a phenomenon termed the self-prioritization effect. Focusing almost exclusively on between-target (e.g., self vs. friend) differences in task performance, however, this work has overlooked the influence stimulus factors potentially exert during decisional processing. Accordingly, based on pertinent social-psychological theorizing (i.e., Identity-Based Motivation Theory), here we explored the possibility that self-prioritization is sensitive to the identity-based relevance of stimuli. The results of three experiments supported this hypothesis. In a perceptual-matching task, stimulus enhancement was greatest when geometric shapes were associated with identity-related information that was important (vs. unimportant) to participants. In addition, hierarchical drift-diffusion modeling revealed this effect was underpinned by differences in the efficiency of visual processing. Specifically, evidence was extracted more rapidly from stimuli paired with consequential compared to inconsequential identity-related components. These findings demonstrate how identity-relevance moderates self-prioritization.     

Computational behavior dynamics: an alternative description of Nevin (1969).

A computational processing behavior-dynamic model was instantiated in the form of a computer program that "behaved" on the task developed by Nevin (1969). In this classic discrete-trials experiment, the relative frequency of choosing a response alternative matched the relative frequency of reinforcement for that alternative, the local structure of responding was opposite that predicted by momentary maximizing (i.e., the probability of a changeover decreased with run length), and absolute and relative response rates varied independently. The behavior-dynamic model developed here qualitatively reproduced these three results (but not in quantitative and specific detail) and also generated some interesting, as-yet-untested predictions about performance in Nevin's task. The model was discussed as an example of a stochastic behavior-dynamic alternative to algebraic behavior theory.     

Multidimensional scaling models for reaction times and same-different judgments

A method for joint analysis of reaction times and same-different judgments is discussed. A set of stimuli is assumed to have some parametric representation which uniquely defines dissimilarities between the stimuli. Those dissimilarities are then related to the observed reaction times and same-different judgments through a model of psychological processes. Three representation models of dissimilarities are considered, the Minkowski power distance model, the linear model, and Tversky's feature matching model. Maximum likelihood estimation procedures are developed and implemented in the form of a FORTRAN program. An example is given to illustrate the kind of analyses that can be performed by the proposed method.The work reported in this paper is supported by Grant A6394 to the first author from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Portions of this study have been presented at the Psychometric Society meeting in Chapel Hill, N.C., in May, 1981. We thank Tony Marley, Jim Ramsay and anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. MAXRT, a computer program which performs the computations described in this paper may be obtained by writing to the first author.     

Toward a contemporary quantitative model of punishment

A direct‐suppression, or subtractive, model of punishment has been supported as the qualitatively and quantitatively superior matching law‐based punishment model (Critchfield, Paletz, MacAleese, & Newland, 2003; de Villiers, 1980; Farley, 1980). However, this conclusion was made without testing the model against its predecessors, including the original (Herrnstein, 1961) and generalized (Baum, 1974) matching laws, which have different numbers of parameters. To rectify this issue, we reanalyzed a set of data collected by Critchfield et al. (2003) using information theoretic model selection criteria. We found that the most advanced version of the direct‐suppression model (Critchfield et al., 2003) does not convincingly outperform the generalized matching law, an account that does not include punishment rates in its prediction of behavior allocation. We hypothesize that this failure to outperform the generalized matching law is due to significant theoretical shortcomings in model development. To address these shortcomings, we present a list of requirements that all punishment models should satisfy. The requirements include formal statements of flexibility, efficiency, and adherence to theory. We compare all past punishment models to the items on this list through algebraic arguments and model selection criteria. None of the models presented in the literature thus far meets all of the requirements.     

决策任务反应模式对偏好反转的影响

在经典彩票问题研究的基础上,探讨了匹配和选择两种反应模式及其先后顺序对被试偏好反转的影响,以及被试性别与其偏好反转的关系。研究结果发现:(1)反应模式的变化导致偏好反转的发生;(2)偏好反转存在反应顺序效应,先匹配后选择条件下的偏好反转率显著大于先选择后匹配条件下的偏好反转率;研究结果不支持后悔理论;(3)不同性别被试在选择和匹配任务中的偏好及其反转率没有显著性差异。     

Global ethics: a short reflection on then and now

Ten years on from the first issue of the Journal of Global Ethics, Darrel Moellendorf and Heather Widdows reflect on the current state of research in global ethics. To do this, they summarise a recent comprehensive road map of the field and provide a map of research by delineating the topics and approaches of leading scholars of global ethics collected together in the recently published Routledge Handbook of Global Ethics which they have co-edited. Topics fall under issues of war, conflict and violence; poverty and development; economic justice; bioethics and health justice; and environmental and climate justice. In all these areas, ethicists are becoming ever more engaged in the details and mechanisms of actually delivering justice in the real world.     

全球性领导者的素质与培训

越来越多的企业需要有越来越多的全球性领导来开拓全球性业务。章述评了对全球性领导素质的研究及其相关研究,全球性领导为了在全球复杂的竞争条件下立于不败之地,既要具备一些普遍的特点也要具备一些具体(idiosyncratic)的(特别是具体化中的)特点。而这决定了全球性领导的培训具有不同于以前管理培训的特点：进行化敏感性和全局性观念的培训。最后也提出了将来需要进一步研究的问题。     

Dynamic response-by-response models of matching behavior in rhesus monkeys

We studied the choice behavior of 2 monkeys in a discrete-trial task with reinforcement contingencies similar to those Herrnstein (1961) used when he described the matching law. In each session, the monkeys experienced blocks of discrete trials at different relative-reinforcer frequencies or magnitudes with unsignalled transitions between the blocks. Steady-state data following adjustment to each transition were well characterized by the generalized matching law; response ratios undermatched reinforcer frequency ratios but matched reinforcer magnitude ratios. We modelled response-by-response behavior with linear models that used past reinforcers as well as past choices to predict the monkeys' choices on each trial. We found that more recently obtained reinforcers more strongly influenced choice behavior. Perhaps surprisingly, we also found that the monkeys' actions were influenced by the pattern of their own past choices. It was necessary to incorporate both past reinforcers and past choices in order to accurately capture steady-state behavior as well as the fluctuations during block transitions and the response-by-response patterns of behavior. Our results suggest that simple reinforcement learning models must account for the effects of past choices to accurately characterize behavior in this task, and that models with these properties provide a conceptual tool for studying how both past reinforcers and past choices are integrated by the neural systems that generate behavior.