建设“一核多元”的新时代乡村治理组织体系

组织体系是新时代乡村治理体系的关键环节。建设一核多元的新时代乡村治理组织体系,既是习近平对新时代乡村治理组织体系建设探索的一个新创举,又是新时代乡村治理组织体系自身的演进逻辑;既是中国共产党对新时代乡村治理组织体系建设的经验总结,又是中国共产党对新时代乡村治理组织体系建设的实践回应。从实践上看,新时代乡村治理组织体系仍然存在结构上的碎片化、内部关系上的紊乱化、功能上的梗阻化等困境。因此,要建设一核多元的新时代乡村治理组织体系,就必须坚持三个注重:一是注重优化新时代乡村治理组织体系的基本结构,走出结构碎片化困境;二是注重理顺新时代乡村治理组织体系的内部关系,走出关系紊乱化困境;三是注重整合新时代乡村治理组织体系的基本功能,走出功能梗阻化困境。     

法国近代工业化进程中“不发达状态”的社会心态分析

法国近代工业化进程“不发达状态”早已为史家所共识。但长期以来 ,学术界对这一现象的原因研究 ,主要集中在政治制度和经济资源等“硬性”因素方面 ,而忽视了对社会心态这一“软性”因素的研究。实际上 ,在近代工业化进程中 ,法国社会的小农心态、“单子个人主义”价值观和贵族价值观的大量遗存 ,都给法国工业化的进程带来深远的消极影响。     

“新文创”理念指引乡村重塑乡愁之美

乡愁之美的重塑是城乡一体化建设进程中,实现乡村价值彰显的必然。乡村文创是连接传统乡土价值守护与现代乡土时尚创生的桥梁,对于重塑乡愁之美具有重要意义。当前,在网络化、信息化的时代背景下,"新文创"理念对于乡村文创产业振兴而言,更具操作性、拓展性与包容性。在此理念下,乡土文化的价值跃升奠定了乡愁之美重塑的基础,乡村文创IP塑造的故事性,迎合了互联网时代具有生命倾向性的自我选择需求,同时,"新文创"的系统性思维,则强调依托乡愁故事内核完成多元的文创形态拓展,进而形成全方位、立体的乡村文创景观,促使人们在体验中感受乡愁之美,在感动中达成文化认同。     

从“工业化一般”到“社会主义工业化”——毛泽东社会主义工业化思想之于中国式现代化的启示

在探索中国发展的道路与方向问题上,毛泽东始终强调“工业化一般”对于中国社会发展的重要性。在思索中国工业化的道路过程中,毛泽东从物质性维度和社会性维度对中国的工业化道路进行探索性实践,提出了“社会主义工业化”。这从具体的历史的生产关系线索层面凸显了工业化作为社会生产力的本质性内涵,为开辟中国式现代化探索性地走出关键一步。     

基于“微改造”视角的广东乡村振兴实践与研究

乡村振兴是实现国家稳定和长远发展的重大战略。“微改造”因其“投入微、周期微、伤害微、收益大”等优点,强调以微小的方式介入既有环境的整治改善,实现活化与保护,对乡村振兴的实现有着十分重要的作用。“微改造”视角下的广东乡村振兴实践与研究,对于推动地区发展有着重要现实意义。结合“微改造”基本思路和方法的理论归纳,以及实际案例总结分析,形成“微改造”的广东经验,为国家乡村振兴战略的实施贡献力量。     

英国工业化时期的济贫政策与人口迁移运动

英国工业化时期人口迁移运动与济贫政策有着密不可分的关系.本文认为,英国旧济贫法在一定程度上阻碍了人口的流动,降低了农村人口向城市流动的速度,但是这种阻碍作用是有限度的,其中上层人士的流动、人口短距离的流动以及季节性流动不在限制之列.济贫法及修正案的地方性原则对人口迁移的限制并不严格,而且济贫政策的不断调整和变化也突破对人口迁移的限制作用.     

解读“自强不息”与“厚德载物”及其统一性

“自强不息”与“厚德载物”语出《周易》的《乾》、《坤》两卦:“天行健,君子以自强不息”和“地势坤,君子以厚德载物。”《周易》把“君子之道”作为“人道”的代表。《周易》是专门研究天、地、人三才之道的,认为“人道”源于“天道”与“地道”,体现了中国“天人合一”的传统精神。其实,天、地两道都是围绕人道的。人生于世,必将面临自我如何成长、与他人如何相处的两大关键问题。《周易》旨在通过阴阳消长的规律以启迪个体不断向上成长的路向应为“自强不息”,与群体和谐相处的范式当为“厚德载物”。“自强不息”与“厚德载物”是基础与进升。没有前者,后者就无从谈起;没有后者,前者就会有局限,甚至走向极端。二者是不可分割的,不可对立的,而是互动的、互补的。     

中国乡村治理的三个阶段及其伦理特征

乡村治理是国家治理的重要组成部分。我国乡村治理先后经历了传统时期内生性治理、近代社会嵌入性治理和新中国成立以来融合性治理三个阶段。传统时期内生性乡村治理以道德权威为主体,基于风俗惯习处理村庄事务;在近代社会嵌入性乡村治理中,村庄被外部多元价值所裹挟,不同组织依靠各自价值诉求,进行乡村建设;新中国成立以来,多种力量以村民利益为基础,协同参与村庄道德文化建设,形成了融合性乡村治理。     

中国乡村治理的伦理审视

乡村治理是国家治理的重要组成部分.当前乡村治理以村庄干部为主力,以政策法规为主导,以经济发展为中心,但村民主体价值彰显不足,"地方性道德知识"难以凸显,伦理道德约束不断弱化.从"个体—社会—国家"三维视角分析,这些现象主要受小农伦理的延续、村庄伦理共同体的式微、现代国家建构的伦理诉求等因素影响.为此,要从主体、机制、目标三个方面着手,构建村庄公共道德平台、提升乡村德治水平、追求村民美好生活,以此增强村庄内生动力,完善乡村治理体系,实现村庄善治.     

中国传统“政治”概念的形成及其演变趋势

从语义演化、内在逻辑及现实历史的演进三个层面看,中国传统政治的精髓在于正人治民。秦汉之后的大一统之政乃是中国特有政治发展演变的必然结果。中国传统政治概念本身就蕴涵着这一发展趋向。儒家政道之所以能成为中国古代政治的主导原则,很大程度上就在于其顺应传统的正人之政的发展趋势,并以更大的综合性,为之提供更充分的理论论证,且使之在实践上得以更有效地贯彻和深化。     

论山东文物资源的产业化

山东省文物资源丰富,遗址众多。随着社会主义市场经济体系的确立,文化资源的产业化发展是文化市场发展的必然趋势。文物资源作为文化资源的主要部分,产业化开发与利用是其主要发展趋势。如何将其产业化开发与利用也是我们值得探讨的问题。结合山东文物资源的特点,我们对文物资源的产业化开发提出了具体思路与对策。     

Creating Computer-Mediated Communities of Practice in Special Education

Summary

The convergence of theory and research on socially shared cognition represents a promising new direction for understanding how to enhance the intellectual growth of individuals. In this article, we draw upon the metaphor of “apprenticeship” to explain how individual cognitive development of children and adults alike can be enhanced by mentoring relationships within a particular educational “culture.” The view advanced here is that computers and related technologies can be instrumental in creating socially interactive and reflective learning communities. Within these communities there is active transmission of knowledge between individuals as they are guided from the periphery through to the center of the learning enterprise. Examples of communities of learners are provided to illustrate the process of socially shared cognition and development of knowledge networks. Principles for the creation of sustainable learning communities apply equally to traditional educational settings and on-line communities. The concept of the “collective zone of proximal development” is advanced here to explain how cognitive growth progressively occurs for community members who are operating within a socially interactive and reflective learning environment. Finally, principles and recommendations are offered on how to design communities so that all individuals can achieve their optimal functioning level through guided social participation.     

Implementing a Comprehensive Program for the Prevention of Conduct Problems in Rural Communities: The Fast Track Experience

Childhood conduct problems are predictive of a number of serious long-term difficulties (e.g., school failure, delinquent behavior, and mental health problems), making the design of effective prevention programs a priority. The Fast Track Program is a demonstration project currently underway in four demographically diverse areas of the United States, testing the feasibility and effectiveness of a comprehensive, multicomponent prevention program targeting children at risk for conduct disorders. This paper describes some lessons learned about the implementation of this program in a rural area. Although there are many areas of commonality in terms of program needs, program design, and implementation issues in rural and urban sites, rural areas differ from urban areas along the dimensions of geographical dispersion and regionalism, and community stability and insularity. Rural programs must cover a broad geographical area and must be sensitive to the multiple, small and regional communities that constitute their service area. Small schools, homogeneous populations, traditional values, limited recreational, educational and mental health services, and politically conservative climates are all more likely to emerge as characteristics of rural rather than urban sites (Sherman, 1992). These characteristics may both pose particular challenges to the implementation of prevention programs in rural areas, as well as offer particular benefits. Three aspects of program implementation are described in detail: (a) community entry and program initiation in rural areas, (b) the adaptation of program components and service delivery to meet the needs of rural families and schools, and (c) issues in administrative organization of a broadly dispersed tricounty rural prevention program.     

实践社区成员的自我效能感对知识传播过程和效果的影响

通过自编实践社区成员自我效能感问卷以及知识传播过程和效果问卷对宁夏、重庆两地200名企业实践社区成员进行测量,以研究自我效能感对知识传播过程及效果的影响。结果表明,问卷具有良好的信度和效度;自我效能感不同的实践社区成员在知识传播过程和效果方面存在显著的差异,可以利用自我效能感来预测实践社区知识传播的过程和效果。     

Age and Gender Differences in Adaptation and Subjective Well-being of Older Adults Residing in Monastic Religious Communities

The purpose of this study was to explore age and gender differences in the adaptation and well-being of older adults residing in Catholic monasteries. Participants included 235 members, age 64 and older, from the Order of St. Benedict. 2 (Age) × 2 (Gender) analyses of variance were computed to determine significant differences. Young-old persons reported greater friendship, coping behaviors, and personal growth, however, old-old individuals reported greater engagement in religious coping and greater depression. In addition, women reported greater coping behaviors, life satisfaction, and personal growth, but men reported greater depression. The results have implications on how pastoral care providers and counselors can improve quality of life among older adults living in contemplative religious settings.     

Strength-Based Assessment of Rural African American Early Adolescents: Characteristics of Students in High and Low Groups on the Behavioral and Emotional Rating Scale

Early adolescents strengths were examined in relation to factors that are associated with developmental risk or resilience in two rural low-income southern communities. The sample was comprised 279 students (101 boys, 178 girls), all of whom were African American and reflected the public school attendance of this community. Parent reports on the Behavioral and Emotional Rating Scale (BERS) were used to assess strengths. BERS scores were examined in relation to academic, behavioral, and social characteristics of participants. For girls, total strength scores on the BERS were positively associated with indices of high competence and negatively associated with problematic characteristics. For boys, high and low total strength scores differentiated between youth who did and did not have risks associated with externalizing behavior problems. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for assessment and prevention.     

Challenges in Defining and Developing the Field of Rural Mental Disorder Preventive Intervention Research

An overview of selected issues and challenges in defining and developing the field of rural preventive intervention research is presented. One fundamental challenge is to clarify the distinguishing characteristics of prevention science in rural contexts. Other challenges are evident in the need to address: the lack of consensus on conceptual and methodological approaches to this field, limited empirical study to date, the tremendous diversity of rural populations, and inconsistencies in the usage of the term rural. This article suggests the organization of a work group to formulate and implement a clear research agenda. In addition, several general questions are discussed that, if addressed, might serve to better define and further develop the field. These questions concern the implications of multiple approaches to prevention science in rural contexts, the classification of rural populations, the functional relevance of rural residence in the etiology of specific disorders, the application of extant etiological models to interventions designed specifically for rural populations, the conduct of rural area prevention needs assessments, the development of models for collaboration between intervention researchers and rural community stakeholders, and strategies to engage rural residents in preventive interventions.     

农村中医药人才的培养机制探讨

目前农村中医药人员的人员状况和从业素质令人担忧,主要存在人数减少、人员学识低下、临床能力不足等问题。发展中医药事业,重点是加强中医药人才的教育,培养出一批农村中医药人才骨干队伍,从而满足农村基层对中医药卫生医疗保健的需要。     

Review of Living Walden Two: B. F. Skinner's Behaviorist Utopia and Experimental Communities

Kuhlmann''s Living Walden Two (2005) offers a social history of the actual experimental communities that were inspired by Skinner''s (1948) utopian novel. In the course of her examination, the author presents a reasonably accurate overview of the key cultural design elements described in the novel, of behavioral philosophy applied to cultural design, and of the academic reaction to the behavioral philosophy embodied in the fictional community. She is critical of several key behavioral tenets, but generally remains analytical rather than emotional. Kuhlmann concludes that contextual and individual factors undermined the capacity of most of the experimental communities inspired by Walden Two to sustain themselves.