高中生沉思与应激性生活事件对抑郁症状的影响:1年追踪研究

探讨沉思及沉思亚型与应激性生活事件的交互作用对抑郁症状的影响。采用流调中心用抑郁量表、青少年生活事件问卷和沉思反应量表等自评量表对527名高中生的抑郁症状、应激性生活事件和沉思进行评估,随后每3个月测评一次抑郁症状和应激性生活事件的发生情况,追踪调查1年,用多层线性模型分析数据。结果表明:沉思和强迫性冥思对抑郁症状的主效应显著,而反思不显著;沉思、强迫性冥思和反思与生活事件对抑郁症状的交互作用均不显著。结论:应激性生活事件和强迫性冥思会加重抑郁症状,而反思没有加重抑郁症状;沉思及亚型均不会改变应激性生活事件对抑郁症状的影响程度。     

大学生主动性人格与生涯适应力的关系:成就动机的中介作用及其性别差异

采用大学生生涯适应力、主动性人格与成就动机三个量表对864名大学生进行问卷调查,考察成就动机在大学生主动性人格和生涯适应力间的中介作用及其性别差异。结果发现：（1）成就动机在主动性人格和生涯适应力之间起部分中介作用;（2）成就动机的中介作用存在性别差异：追求成功的动机在主动性人格和生涯适应力间的中介作用在男生样本中为完全中介,在女生样本中为部分中介;避免失败的动机在主动性人格和生涯适应力间的中介作用在男生样本中不显著,在女生样本中为部分中介。研究结果显示,主动性人格可以通过成就动机的中介作用影响生涯适应力。     

初中生核心自我评价在班级环境和学业压力之间的中介作用——性别的调节作用

为考察初中生的核心自我评价在班级环境和学业压力之间的中介作用及此作用在不同性别群体中的差异性,对北京市四所初中697名初一到初三的学生进行了班级地图量表、中学生学习压力问卷、核心自我评价量表的测查。结果表明：（1）总体班级环境不存在显著性别差异,但女生在学业自我决定上具有小效应量的显著优势,男生的学业压力显著高于女生,核心自我评价不存在显著性别差异;（2）班级环境中的师生关系和班级行为自控可以显著预测学业压力,两者共同解释学业压力12%的变异;（3）男生和女生的核心自我评价在班级环境和学业压力间均起完全中介作用;（4）女生群体中核心自我评价的中介作用显著高于男生群体,说明性别对此中介效应存在调节作用。最后对核心自我评价在班级环境和学业压力之间的中介机制及其对女生群体的重要意义等进行了讨论。     

初二学生感知到的社会支持与学习成绩的关系——学业自我概念的中介作用

本研究对杭州市2519名初二学生进行调查,考察学业自我概念在社会支持对学习成绩预测中的中介作用及该中介作用的性别差异。结果表明：（1）相比父母和教师的支持,对于初二学生来讲,同伴支持对其学习成绩的影响更大。（2）学业自我概念在社会支持与学习成绩间起中介作用。（3）学业自我概念在社会支持与学习成绩之间的中介作用存在性别差异。对于男生群体,学业自我概念起完全中介作用;对于女生群体,起部分中介作用。     

受欺负对抑郁情绪的影响:悲伤、愤怒反刍的中介作用及性别差异

为探究受欺负对于个体抑郁情绪的影响,以及反刍这一认知因素在其中的作用与性别差异,采用受欺负问卷、儿童应对方式问卷中的悲伤反刍分量表、愤怒反刍问卷、儿童抑郁量表对2582名初中二年级学生（男生1328人,女生1254人;平均年龄13.95岁,SD=0.60）进行问卷调查。结果发现：（1）受欺负与悲伤反刍、愤怒反刍、抑郁情绪均呈显著正相关;（2）受欺负、悲伤反刍、愤怒反刍均可显著正向预测个体的抑郁情绪,且悲伤反刍和愤怒反刍在受欺负和抑郁情绪的关系中发挥部分中介作用;（3）该模型存在性别差异。女生悲伤反刍对抑郁情绪的预测作用显著大于男生。研究从悲伤反刍和愤怒反刍的角度揭示了受欺负对青少年抑郁情绪的作用机制,为从认知水平上干预青少年心理健康问题提供了参考。     

小学生学业成绩对学业自我效能感的影响：学习压力、自尊的中介作用及性别差异

为探究小学生学习压力和自尊在学业成绩与学业自我效能感之间的中介作用及性别差异,本研究收集小学生学习压力问卷、自尊量表、学业自我效能感问卷和学业成绩的数据。结果发现：（1）小学生学业成绩能够正向预测学业自我效能感。（2）学习压力和自尊在学业成绩与学业自我效能感之间起到链式中介作用。（3）链式中介作用存在性别差异,女生群体呈现部分中介作用,存在三条中介路径：学习压力的单独中介路径、自尊的单独中介路径和学习压力与自尊的链式中介路径;男生群体呈现完全中介作用,只有两条中介路径：自尊的单独中介路径和学习压力与自尊的链式中介路径。     

学生感知的教师欺凌态度与学生欺凌行为的关系——学生欺凌态度的中介作用及其性别的调节作用

校园欺凌严重影响青少年身心的健康发展,教师是预防和干预校园欺凌的重要力量。本研究拟在考察学生感知的教师欺凌态度与学生欺凌行为关系的基础上,探究学生欺凌态度的中介效应以及性别的调节作用。本研究采用《校园欺凌量表》、《学生欺凌态度量表》以及《学生感知的教师欺凌态度量表》对来自北京市两所初中的698名初一和初二学生进行测查。结果显示:(1)初中男生总体及不同类型的欺凌行为及其欺凌态度均显著高于女生,而女生所感知的教师欺凌严重性态度则显著高于男生;(2)学生感知的教师欺凌严重性态度显著负向预测学生欺凌行为;(3)学生欺凌态度在学生感知的教师欺凌态度和学生欺凌行为之间起部分中介作用;(4)学生欺凌态度的中介效应存在显著性别差异,男生欺凌态度为部分中介作用,而女生欺凌态度为完全中介作用。     

中学生的情绪智力、社会问题解决技能对其师生关系的影响

为了考察中学生师生关系现状,并探讨中学生的情绪智力、社会问题解决技能与师生关系之间的内在联系,本研究采用《中学生情绪智力量表》、《中学生社会问题解决技能量表》和《中学生师生关系量表》对2172名中学生进行调查。结果发现：（1）中学生的师生关系的总体状况良好,且存在显著的年级和性别差异：初一、高一年级的师生关系好于初二、高二年级。在亲密性和支持性方面,不存在显著的性别差异,在冲突性方面,男生显著高于女生,在满意感方面,女生显著高于男生。（2）情绪智力的不同维度对中学生师生关系的预测作用各不一样。情绪感知对师生关系的亲密性具有显著的负向预测作用,对师生关系的冲突性具有显著的正向预测作用。情绪运用、理解和管理都能够显著预测师生关系,其中情绪运用对师生关系的亲密性、支持性和满意度的预测作用最为突出,情绪管理对师生冲突的负向预测作用最强。（3）社会问题解决技能在中学生情绪智力与师生关系之间起部分中介作用。     

母亲抑郁对青少年抑郁的影响:亲子关系的中介作用与青少年消极情绪性的调节作用

对1708名八年级青少年（平均年龄14.30±0.48岁,男生852名）及其母亲（平均年龄39.17±2.47岁）的抑郁症状、母子关系和青少年消极情绪性进行测量,考察了母亲抑郁对青少年抑郁的影响机制。结果发现：（1）母亲抑郁能够正向预测青少年的抑郁;（2）母子关系在母亲抑郁与青少年抑郁之间起中介作用,母亲抑郁既能增加母子冲突的强度,也能降低母子亲合水平,进而导致青少年的抑郁;（3）青少年消极情绪性在母亲抑郁影响青少年抑郁的中介机制中起调节作用,仅在高消极情绪性的青少年中,母子冲突能够显著预测青少年的抑郁;但消极情绪性不能调节母子亲合对青少年抑郁的影响;（4）母亲抑郁影响青少年抑郁的有调节的中介模型不存在性别差异。     

青少年网络受欺负与抑郁：压力感与网络社会支持的作用

采用网络受欺负量表、压力感量表、网络社会支持问卷和流调中心用抑郁量表对751名初中生进行调查,考察了青少年网络受欺负与抑郁的关系、压力感在网络受欺负与抑郁间的中介作用以及网络社会支持在其中的调节作用。结果表明：（1）青少年网络受欺负与抑郁存在显著正相关;（2）压力感在网络受欺负和抑郁间起完全中介作用;（3）网络社会支持在网络受欺负事件引起的压力感与抑郁间起调节作用,压力感对青少年抑郁的影响,随网络社会支持水平的提高而降低。     

Daily Peer Hassles and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescence: Gender Differences in Avoidance-Focused Emotion Regulation Processes

This study aimed to examine the mediating role of rumination, experiential avoidance, dissociation and depressive symptoms in the association between daily peer hassles and non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents. Additionally, this study explored gender differences in these associations and tested whether the proposed model was invariant across genders. The sample consisted of 776 adolescents, of them 369 are males (47.6%) and 407 are females (52.4%), aged between 12 and 18 years old from middle and high schools in Portugal. Participants completed self-report questionnaires to assess daily peer hassles, rumination in its severe component (i.e., brooding), experiential avoidance, dissociation, depressive symptoms and non-suicidal self-injury. Path analysis showed that daily peer hassles indirectly impact on non-suicidal self-injury through increased levels of brooding, experiential avoidance, dissociation, and depressive symptoms. Results indicated significant gender differences in mean scores and path analysis. Male adolescents were more likely to engage in brooding and experiential avoidance in response to external distress (particularly, daily peer hassles), whereas female adolescents were more likely to engage in non-suicidal self-injury in response to internal distress (particularly, depressive symptoms). These findings suggest relevant preventive and intervention actions to address emotion dysregulation in adolescence, by teaching them acceptance and mindfulness skills as a way of coping with stressful experiences and internal distress.     

Dampening and brooding jointly link temperament with depressive symptoms: A prospective study

Integrated affective-cognitive models of depression suggest that the effects of trait temperament (low positive affectivity (PA) and high negative affectivity (NA)) on depressive symptoms may be mediated by maladaptive cognitive strategies. Research and theory suggest that the effect of NA on depression is mediated by brooding and the effect of PA on depression is mediated by dampening. Despite correlations among these constructs, no studies have examined joint contributions of PA, NA, brooding, and dampening on depression. The present study examined the effects of NA and PA on prospective increases in depressive symptoms, and whether effects were mediated by brooding and dampening. Hypotheses were tested in an eight-week study of 333 young adults; depressive symptoms were assessed at weeks one and eight. Participants reported their use of dampening and brooding in response to ideographically identified weekly events in weeks two through seven. Results suggest that the effect of PA on increases in depressive symptoms was mediated by use of dampening and the effect of NA on increases in depressive symptoms was mediated by use of both brooding and dampening. Future research should consider temperament traits and cognitive strategies jointly to understand the development and maintenance of depression.     

Brooding as moderator of depressive symptoms after a work accident: A longitudinal study

This study analyzes the relationship between having experienced a work accident and developing depressive symptoms six months later, considering the subjective severity of accidents, the use of both positive and negative religious coping strategies, and brooding as predictors variables. Fifty seven women and 187 men were evaluated during the month following their accident (T1) and six months later (T2). The results show that after controlling for initial depressive symptoms, all predictors showed a statistically significant relationship with depression at six months, including the interaction between brooding and subjective severity of accident. Forty nine percent of resilient participants exhibited low symptoms at T1 and T2, 22% of recovered individuals showed high symptoms at T1 and low symptoms afterwards, 20% of depressive individuals had high symptoms at T1 and T2, and 8% exhibited high symptoms only at T2. High severity, brooding and religious coping at T1 differentiated those who exhibited stable symptoms from those who were resilient. Resilience was specifically predicted with a negative coefficient by the interaction of brooding with subjective severity of accident. We conclude that brooding is a variable that moderates the relationship between subjective severity of accident and the development and maintenance of depressive symptoms. Subjective severity of accident, brooding and negative religious coping are risk factors, while positive religious coping is not a sufficient protection factor.     

Submissive interpersonal style mediates the effect of brooding on future depressive symptoms

Theoretical models and empirical evidence suggest that brooding, the maladaptive sub-component of depressive rumination, is associated with a sub-set of depressogenic interpersonal difficulties characterised by submissive interpersonal behaviours and rejection sensitivity. This study tested whether these cognitive and interpersonal vulnerability factors independently predicted future depression and investigated their interdependence in predicting depression. A heterogeneous adult sample completed self-report measures assessing depressive symptoms, brooding, reflection, rejection sensitivity and maladaptive interpersonal behaviours, at baseline and six months later. When examined separately, brooding and an interpersonal component reflecting submissive, (overly-accommodating, non-assertive, and self-sacrificing) interpersonal behaviours each prospectively predicted increased depressive symptoms six months later, after controlling for baseline depressive symptoms and gender. When examined together, the submissive interpersonal style but not brooding predicted depression, indicating that this maladaptive interpersonal style may mediate the effect of brooding on future depression. Thus, the effects of brooding on depression may in part depend on its association with an interpersonal style characterised by submissiveness.     

Longitudinal Study of Life Events,Well-Being,Emotional Regulation and Depressive Symptomatology

Etiological research regarding adolescent depression is relatively recent and longitudinal studies are needed to explicate the mechanisms by which risk and protective factors impact the development of depression. This investigation evaluated the effects of time 1 predictors (e.g., depressive symptoms, life events, subjective well-being, and emotion regulation strategies) on depressive symptoms assessed at time 2 (1 year later). The sample comprised 182 Portuguese adolescents, aged 12–16. Time 1 depressive symptoms and psychological well-being were significant predictors of time 2 depressive symptoms. Time 1 rumination predicted time 2 depressive symptoms, but time 2 brooding mediated this effect. Time 1 life events did not predict time 2 depressive symptomatology. This study identified several factors that seem to play an important role in the development of depressive symptomatology. Previous depressive symptomatology and well-being had a significant effect in this process and the relationship between rumination in time 1 and depressive symptoms at time 2 (1 year later) was fully mediated by brooding at time 2. Given these results, implications for prevention and treatment of depression include addressing risk factors like early depressive symptoms, rumination and brooding, and increasing the protective effect of psychological well-being.     

Mapping the interplay among cognitive biases,emotion regulation,and depressive symptoms

Cognitive biases and emotion regulation (ER) difficulties have been instrumental in understanding hallmark features of depression. However, little is known about the interplay among these important risk factors to depression. This cross-sectional study investigated how multiple cognitive biases modulate the habitual use of ER processes and how ER habits subsequently regulate depressive symptoms. All participants first executed a computerised version of the scrambled sentences test (interpretation bias measure) while their eye movements were registered (attention bias measure) and then completed questionnaires assessing positive reappraisal, brooding, and depressive symptoms. Path and bootstrapping analyses supported both direct effects of cognitive biases on depressive symptoms and indirect effects via the use of brooding and via the use of reappraisal that was in turn related to the use of brooding. These findings help to formulate a better understanding of how cognitive biases and ER habits interact to maintain depressive symptoms.     

Complex mediating effects of rumination facets between personality traits and depressive symptoms

This study investigates whether facets of rumination statistically mediate the relationships between Big Five personality traits and depressive symptoms. Self-reported personality traits and rumination were investigated as predictors of depressive symptoms in a cross-sectional sample of 3043 participants aged 18–60 years (68.8% female). Multiple regression analysis investigated which personality traits and rumination facets best explained variance in depressive symptoms. Structural equation modelling was used to determine whether facets of rumination mediated the relationships between personality traits and depressive symptoms. Multiple regression analysis found that variance in depressive symptoms was best explained by the personality traits neuroticism, extroversion, conscientiousness; and both facets of rumination, brooding and reflection. Structural equation modelling added that the effects of neuroticism, extroversion, conscientiousness and openness on depressive symptoms were statistically mediated by brooding; the effects of neuroticism, extroversion and openness to depressive symptoms were statistically mediated by reflection. Rumination facets statistically mediated the effects of various personality traits on depressive symptoms. These results provide insights into which individuals may be best suited to treatments for depression targeting rumination.     

The association between temperament and depressive symptoms in adolescence: Brooding and reflection as potential mediators

This study examined whether rumination subtypes (brooding and reflection) mediated prospective associations between temperament (negative emotionality and positive emotionality) and depressive symptoms in a community sample of 423 adolescents. Effortful control and sex were examined as potential moderators of the mediated pathway. Youth self-reported negative emotionality (NE), positive emotionality (PE), and effortful control (EC) at age 12; brooding and reflection subtypes of rumination at age 14; and depressive symptoms at ages 12, 14, and 15. Hierarchical linear regression analyses indicated that, controlling for initial levels of depressive symptoms, high NE, but not low PE, predicted increases in depressive symptoms from age 12 to age 15. Brooding, but not reflection, mediated the association between NE and depressive symptoms. Neither sex nor EC moderated either indirect pathway in the mediated model. The results confirm and extend previous findings on the association between affective and cognitive vulnerability factors in predicting depressive symptoms in adolescence.     

Psychosocial correlates of depressive rumination

The study examined the relationship between brooding, the maladaptive sub-component of depressive rumination, an important cognitive mechanism implicated in the aetiology of depression, and a range of depressogenic psychosocial factors, including insecure attachment styles and maladaptive interpersonal behaviours. It was hypothesised that brooding (but not the more adaptive reflection component) is associated with an attachment pattern characterised by fear of rejection, and an interpersonal style characterised by submissiveness. Currently depressed (n = 29), previously depressed (n = 42) and never-depressed (n = 32) adults completed self-report measures assessing depressive symptoms, rumination (brooding and reflection), attachment orientation and maladaptive interpersonal behaviours. The study hypotheses were partially supported: After controlling for gender and depressive symptoms, brooding was significantly associated with one indicator of underlying rejection concerns (rejection sensitivity, p = .05), but was not associated with another indicator of underlying rejection concerns (anxious attachment style) or with avoidant attachment style. After controlling for depressive symptoms, brooding was uniquely associated with the submissive interpersonal style (p < .01). Brooding was not correlated with needy or cold interpersonal styles after controlling for depressive symptoms.