Effects of career exploration on career undecided reentry women: An intervention and follow-up study

This study examined the effects of two different career interventions on career undecided reentry women. A total of 34 women were randomly assigned to either a Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) or a Vocational Card Sort (VCS) treatment program. The effects of treatment were assessed 3 weeks after the interventions and again 6 months later. The domains assessed included vocational needs, treatment satisfaction, career indecision, and career choice change. Statistically significant effects were found for both treatments, with the women experiencing less career indecision following the interventions. The career choice changes that were found suggested that the interventions were equally effective, and the women expressed equal satisfaction with both treatments. The results overall support the usefulness of both the SCII and VCS with reentry women. These results are discussed along with their implications for counseling practice as well as future research.     

Reentry Women: A Literature Review With Recommendations for Counseling and Research

This article is a comprehensive literature review of the research regarding reentry women for 1980 to 1990, with recommendations for counseling and research. The article is divided into the following sections: (a) reentry trends; (b) general characteristics; (c) reasons for reentry; (d) personality; (e) role, values, and family; (f) satisfaction in the student role; (g) career choice; (h) reentry women after graduation; (i) research limitations; (j) research recommendations; and (k) conclusion. Research replications were found to be very limited and restricted to four areas: (a) reasons for reentry, (b) personality, (c) family variables, and (d) career choice.     

Reentry Women After Graduation

Reentry women (M age, 42.2 years) were compared with younger women (M age, 25.8 years) on a survey conducted 2 to 6 years after their graduation from college. A total of 451 graduates responded to questions about education and employment activities, job satisfaction, and leisure pursuits. Discriminant function analyses revealed clear-cut differences between the two age groups and also among the six age/marital groups (single, married, and formerly married). The great majority of these reentry women were found to be employed outside the home and to be earning significantly higher salaries than their younger counterparts. Of the six age/marital groups, both single and married reentry women rated themselves highest in job satisfaction; this greater satisfaction appeared to be based on feelings of accomplishment and autonomy.     

The reentry female student in marriage and family training

The challenges of feminist family therapists of gender bias in family therapy training and practice models need to be considered in relation to the predominance of reentry women in masters degree programs in marriage and family therapy. This article describes a developmental training model that incorporates feminist-informed values into curriculum, program policies, instructional strategies, and program structure. The model builds on the assumption that gender-associated behaviors of both sexes have contextually determined value. Training for the appropriate application of gender-associated behaviors rather than for their inclusion or exclusion can increase female reentry student flexibility and self-confidence.     

Career and Educational Counseling Implications of Women's Life Experience Learning

This article summarizes the responses of 131 adult women to a questionnaire survey of their experiences and activities in homemaking, parenting, volunteer work, recreation, formal and nonformal education, and paid work. The results show that reentry women have had a wide variety of life experiences through which they have developed job-related skills. The findings also show the importance of counselor assistance in identifying nontraditional skills and in exploring how the interpersonal and managerial skills learned in unpaid work can aid women's career advancement.     

Counseling reentry women: An overview

The author presents an overview of issues related to counseling women reentering the workforce. He suggests that counselors are in a strategic position to help women through the transitions and conflicts associated with returning to work and discusses (a) career barriers related to gender role stereotyping, (b) current job trends for women, (c) expectations for women reentering the workforce, (d) suggestions for raising aspirations for reentry women, and (e) developing energy opportunities.     

Reentry Experiences and Professional Developments of International Marriage and Family Therapy Graduates in Taiwan

Reentry research has received much less attention than research on cultural adjustment in a foreign country, especially in the marriage and family therapy (MFT) field in the United States. Lack of research on international students’ job experiences and professional developments during reentry does not provide further information to evaluate the quality of MFT education in the United States. This study was intended to extend the reentry literature and specifically to understand personal and professional reentry experiences and cross-cultural transformation of MFT returnees in Taiwan. Thirteen participants were interviewed, and the resulting data was analyzed using constructivist grounded theory. Analyses results demonstrated macro contextual factors that situated unique personal and professional reentry phenomena for international MFT graduate in Taiwan. The returnees strived to explore their MFT identity and interpret cross-cultural differences by developing four coping strategies (e.g., not wanting to fit in, doing what you were supposed to do or could do, processing with others, and therapists’ multicultural awareness) that were associated with three conditions, such as personal networks linking to professional networks, supervision, and training in MFT. Findings suggested that reentry adaption was varied and fitting into Taiwanese society might not be the final goal for the returnees. Training implications in the MFT field were provided based on the findings.     

UNDERSTANDING GRADUATE WOMEN'S REENTRY EXPERIENCES

This multiple case study describes the experiences of reentry women in psychology doctoral programs at a major Midwestern research university and illustrates the usefulness of the qualitative case-study method in exploring women's experiences. Semistructured interviews were conducted with four women who were purposefully selected as information-rich participants. Observations and informal interviews were also conducted over a period of up to 2½ years. Eight themes emerged from the data and have been labeled: the decision to return, expectations versus reality, measuring up, frustrations and difficulties, changing family relationships, the necessity of organization, "do it and get on with life," and rewards. This article illustrates that case-study research can be a powerful tool for feminist researchers to document women's experiences.     

Mass media effects on sex role attitudes of incarcerated men

This study explores the impact of the mass media on sex role attitudes of men incarcerated in a maximum security prison. It seems likely that prisoners' attitudes may be shaped by the media during their isolation. There is the possibility that the incarceration experience itself may bolster any media effects and should therefore be explored. Moreover, media socialization with regard to sex roles may help a prisoner's reentry into society by making the men aware of the current achievements of women in society. On the other hand, a narrow presentation of women's roles by the media may theoretically hinder a prisoner's readjustment to the social scene. This paper also compares sex role attitudes among these men to such attitudes found in general population studies.     

Surviving Incarceration: Two Prison-Based Peer Programs Build Communities of Support for Female Offenders

Both men and women adopt various roles in the inmate subculture to survive the pains of imprisonment. It is assumed that one reason females feel the pains of imprisonment more harshly than males is because of the difficulty in being separated from their family and children. To ameliorate the pains of separation, female inmates re-create their lost family in prison. Recent works have found that the nature of America's female prison “pseudo family” may be evolving, and correspondingly, diminishing in importance. Since one's associates in prison can affect institutional adjustment, being associated with a supportive social network can prevent periods of maladjustment. This exploratory study, based on the narratives of 49 female offenders, examined the effects of two HIV prison-based peer programs on inmate peers in New York State and its unique ability to help these female offenders cope with the pains of incarceration. The author found that such programs provided leadership, support, and guidance for female offenders, and not only created a prosocial environment, but fashioned an entire community. This community continued outside of the prison walls, provided women with emotional support, and subsequently resulted in increased levels of institutional and post-release success. The use of prison-based peer programs creates a positive, conventionally oriented alternative to the traditional female pseudo family and poses significant implications for rehabilitation and reentry initiatives.     

Ordinary People: Using a Popular Film in Group Therapy

A time-limited, topic-oriented counseling group using the popular film Ordinary People prepared adolescents in residential treatment for reentry into their families and communities.     

Married Women's Achievement and Career Motivation: The Influence of Some Environmental and Psychological Variables

The purpose of the study was to examine the relationships of some environmental and psychological variables to the career and achievement motivation of married women who had returned to college after an absence (N = 162).Subjects were grouped into first-and second-year students and by sex type (i.e., Androgynous, Feminine). Correlations for all groups indicated that either psychological or environmental variables were significantly related for some group to the motivation variables. Multivariate analyses for sex-typed groups supported the correlational findings for first-year subjects. These findings suggested the importance of including both types of variables in research investigating the career and achievement motivation of college reentry women. This was an exploratory study and researchers are urged to replicate it with larger, more representative sample.     

心律失常发生的别差异

临盘床中某些心律失常的发生具有性别差异。女性同男性相比,其平均静息心率快,QT间期长,QRS波群时间短,QRS电压低。女性有更高的病态窦房结综合征、不适当性窦性心动过速、房室结折返性心动过速、右室特发性室速和长QT间期综合征引起的心律失常事件的发生率。而男性房室传导阻滞、颈动脉窦综合征、房颤、旁路导致的室上性心动过速、预激综合征、室颤、猝死、Brugada综合征和触发型室速的发生率高。这些差异有的与心律失常伴发的器质性心脏病男女发生率不同有关,另外性激素对离子通道的功能、表达的影响以及自主神经张力的差异在这些差异的产生中也具有重要作用。了解这些差异对女性心律失常处理具有重要的指导作用。     

Latina breast cancer survivors' lived experiences: diagnosis, treatment, and beyond

Latina breast cancer survivors are not benefiting from advances in psychosocial interventions. Despite their greater breast cancer burden, there is a dearth of information about this population. This qualitative study examined the experiences of 18 immigrant Latina breast cancer survivors along the survivorship continuum, from diagnosis to long-term survivorship. The authors conducted separate focus groups with women in the acute, reentry, and long-term survivorship stages. Through grounded theory analysis, the authors uncovered 5 themes of experience: perceptions of psychological well-being, impact of diagnosis, impact of treatment, need for social support, and development of new attitudes. Some themes were applicable across all survivorship stages, whereas others were more salient at a particular stage. Within themes, the authors identified experiences reported in the general literature (i.e., the debilitating effect of chemotherapy) and distinct cultural experiences (i.e., fear that a cancer diagnosis leads to certain death). Results suggest that treatments tailored for each survivorship stage are more likely to be effective than generic interventions. These findings have the potential to lessen health disparities in utilization of psychosocial treatments by Latina breast cancer survivors.     

Relationship between visual binding, reentry and awareness

Visual feature binding has been suggested to depend on reentrant processing. We addressed the relationship between binding, reentry, and visual awareness by asking the participants to discriminate the color and orientation of a colored bar (presented either alone or simultaneously with a white distractor bar) and to report their phenomenal awareness of the target features. The success of reentry was manipulated with object substitution masking and backward masking. The results showed that late reentrant processes are necessary for successful binding but not for phenomenal awareness of the bound features. Binding errors were accompanied by phenomenal awareness of the misbound feature conjunctions, demonstrating that they were experienced as real properties of the stimuli (i.e., illusory conjunctions). Our results suggest that early preattentive binding and local recurrent processing enable features to reach phenomenal awareness, while later attention-related reentrant iterations modulate the way in which the features are bound and experienced in awareness.     

Substance Abuse and Prison Recidivism: Themes From Qualitative Interviews

This qualitative analysis explores the role of substance abuse in reentry from prison to society. Participants who recidivated (N = 20) in an urban prison system identified substance abuse as their primary reason for recidivism. Treatment implications are discussed.     

Creating Internships in Marriage and Family Therapy: A Collaboration Between a Training Program and an Offender Reentry Facility

The literature on clinical internships in marriage and family therapy is limited in the discussion of the development of clinical sites as well as the benefits and challenges experienced by students and programs. This article focuses on the development of a marriage and family therapy internship in an offender reentry facility. The process of how students are referred and trained, the rewards and challenges of their work, and the supervision experience are described. The purpose is to inform marriage and family therapy programs about a potential resource for training students.     

Maternal distress and women's reentry into family and community life

This paper advances conceptualization of maternal distress following incarceration. We utilized a multiple case study methodology based on interviews with 10 mothers who demonstrated various permutations of "the triple threat" (depression, domestic violence, and substance abuse; Arditti & Few, 2006). Findings suggest that depressive symptomology persisted and worsened for mothers in our study and that maternal distress was indicative not only of women's psychological state, but also a relational and situational construct that embodied women's core experience. Maternal distress was largely characterized by health challenges, dysfunctional intimate relationships, loss related trauma, guilt and worry over children, and economic inadequacy. Further, maternal distress seemed to be intensified by the punitive traumatic context of prison and lessened by rehabilitation opportunities as well as support by kin and probation officers after reentry. Recommendations for clinicians and professionals who work with reentry mothers center around the need to alleviate maternal distress and better address women's emotional and physical health needs during incarceration and reentry.     

We were Chosen as a Family: Parents’ Evolving Use of Religion when Their Child has Cystic Fibrosis

Parental coping with new CF diagnoses often includes religion; however, little is known about how the use of religion changes over time. Longitudinal grounded theory method, in which parents were interviewed twice the 2 years after their child’s diagnosis, was used. Parents constructed the meaning that parenting a child with CF is their vocation, in accordance with “God’s plan.” A shift from isolation to an outward focus and reentry into the community was clear. The use of faith evolved over time and continues to be a source of support and hope for parents. Clinical implications of parental religion are discussed.     

State Hospital Reentry Among Youth with Serious Emotional Disturbance: A Longitudinal Analysis

We investigated the demographic, service history, and clinical factors associated with readmission to state operated inpatient psychiatric hospitals by children and adolescents. Using computerized administrative data records for 3,969 consecutive index admissions of individuals between the ages of 7 and 17 inclusive, we examined hospital reentry among youth receiving services at these facilities. The univariate analysis comparing youths who reentered the hospital with those who did not reenter indicated that reentry was more likely to occur among African American youths and among those who were diagnosed with psychotic disorders. Reentry occurred less frequently among youths diagnosed with depressive disorders. Reentry also occurred less frequently among youths living in areas having an organized array of community-based mental health services. Youths who reentered the hospital were significantly older and had longer prior hospitalizations than those not reentering. The proportional hazards model used in the analysis indicated several factors associated with increased likelihood of hospital reentry. African American youths and individuals diagnosed with a psychotic disorder were more likely to reenter the hospital. Younger youths and those having lengthy prior hospitalizations were at increased risk for reentering the hospital. Youths living in urban, white, higher income communities were less likely to reenter the hospital.