图文相关性对不同认知方式大学生阅读影响的眼动研究

阅读是我们日常生活中的一项重要认知活动。利用插图来帮助人们提高阅读理解能力是一种常用的方法。本研究选取了40名大学生做被试,使用眼动仪考察了图文相关程度(高和低)对不同认知方式大学生(场依存型和场独立型)图文阅读的影响。结果发现：(1)图文相关性对不同认知方式读者影响不同,图文相关程度对场独立型读者的阅读成绩无显著影响,但对场依存型读者影响显著。场依存型读者对高相关材料的阅读理解成绩显著优于低相关材料。(2)场依存型读者在阅读不同相关图文时会主动调整加工对象。图文相关高时,场依存型读者更多注视插图;而图文相关低时,场依存型读者更多注视文字内容。此外,场依存型读者在图文之间的转换和对文字的注视点平均持续时间多于场独立型读者。本研究认为,高相关插图有助于提高场依存型读者的阅读成绩;场依存型读者在阅读不同相关程度图文时会主动调整加工对象。     

场独立——场依存型认知风格与内隐、外显记忆关系的实验研究

采用Jacoby加工分离程序,以无意义音节字母串为材料,对场依存型、场独立型和中间型被试的内隐、外显记忆进行分离,考察不同认知风格类型的个体,在加工信息过程中,对与其认知风格类型匹配或不匹配的材料的编码和提取上是否存在不同的方式和策略。结果表明:1)场依存型个体的意识性提取成绩好于场独立型个体,场依存型个体的外显记忆好于场独立型个体。2)场独立型个体的自动提取成绩高于场依存型个体的成绩,场独立型个体的内隐记忆好于场依存型个体。3)无论在意识性提取还是自动提取方面,中间类型个体的成绩总是介于场依存型个体与场独立型个体之间。     

注意状态、认知方式与前瞻记忆的TAP效应

采用经典实验室研究范式,实验一探讨了前瞻记忆任务为知觉加工条件下,注意状态和前瞻记忆任务与进行中任务一致和不一致时对不同认知方式个体前瞻记忆成绩的影响,实验二探讨了前瞻记忆任务为语义加工条件下,注意状态和前瞻记忆任务与进行中任务一致和不一致时对不同认知方式个体前瞻记忆成绩的影响,结果表明,（1）在前瞻记忆任务加工类型是语义加工和知觉加工两种条件下,场依存与场独立个体均发现了TAP效应的存在,而且场依存个体表现出更明显的TAP效应;（2）当前瞻记忆任务与进行中任务的加工类型不一致时,场独立个体的前瞻记忆成绩明显高于场依存个体,而在两类任务加工类型一致情况下,场独立与场依存个体的前瞻记忆成绩不存在明显差异;（3）在前瞻记忆任务是知觉加工时,分心对前瞻记忆成绩有明显不利的影响;而在前瞻记忆任务是语义加工时,只有当前瞻记忆任务与进行中任务加工类型不一致时,分心对前瞻记忆才有明显不利的影响,而且在分心条件下的TAP效应更明显。     

语境位置对不同认知方式个体歧义句歧义消解的影响

采用意义适合性判断任务,考察了语境位置对不同认知方式个体歧义句理解过程中抑制内部干扰的影响。结果发现：语境位置影响歧义句的歧义消解,对歧义句不适当意义的抑制作用方面,前语境优于后语境;在自然阅读的条件下,在句子加工的初始阶段,场独立个体能够更好的利用前语境信息抑制内部无关信息的干扰,而场依存个体在句子加工的初始阶段对前、后语境的阅读时间上不存在差异,而在句子加工的后期需用更多时间才能完成对内部干扰的抑制。     

自我认知类型引导认知方式的实验研究

对自我的认知引导认知和行为。本研究用与自我有关的语义内容启动场独立型和场依存型自我认知,随即让被试做与场独立或场依存认知方式有关的认知作业,探讨自我认知类型是否引导认知方式,即启动场独立自我认知是否比启动场依存自我认知诱发更多场独立的认知方式;同样,启动场依存自我认知是否比启动场独立自我认知诱发更多的场依存的认知方式。结果是肯定的。     

高一学生认知方式与学科内容对文章阅读迁移的影响

以高一学生为被试,考察了不同认知方式学生对不同学科文章以及有无清晰结构条件下的阅读迁移效果。结果表明,(1)在文章结构清晰条件下学生的阅读迁移效果明显好于结构模糊条件下的阅读迁移效果。(2)不同认知方式学生对不同学科的阅读迁移无明显差异。(3)在有清晰结构条件下,场独立者与场依存者的阅读迁移成绩无显著差异;在结构模糊的条件下,场独立者的迁移成绩优于场依存者。     

不同场认知方式个体完成心理旋转任务时神经效能的差异:来自皮层慢电位的证据

为探讨场独立个体在心理旋转时与场依存个体相比是否会表现出更高的神经效能以及两者在完成此任务上的皮层分布.选取不同场认知方式个体为被试,采用ERP技术研究其完成心理旋转任务时皮层的慢电位.结果发现:在完成心理旋转任务时,场依存个体皮层负慢波的波幅明显大于场独立个体的;场依存个体大脑中区和右区负慢波的波幅明显大于场独立个体的,表明场依存个体比场独立个体在完成任务时需投入更多的资源,从而说明场认知方式是影响神经效能的一个因素.     

不同认知方式个体在语篇阅读中抑制外部干扰的眼动研究

采用眼动追踪技术探讨了当干扰材料的意义性不同和干扰材料位置可预测性不同时, 不同认知方式个体在语篇阅读中抑制外来无关干扰的特点, 结果表明: 不同认知方式个体在语篇阅读中抑制外部干扰的能力存在差异, 场独立者好于场依存者, 而且这种差异发生在抑制加工的后作用过程, 本研究支持Dywan等人提出的理论观点。不管是场依存者还是场独立者在语篇阅读中, 相对于无意义干扰材料, 有意义的外部干扰更能吸引阅读者的注意力, 对语篇阅读的干扰作用更明显; 相对于可预测位置的干扰, 读者在阅读过程中更难避开不可预测位置的干扰材料, 其产生的干扰作用更大。     

认知方式与教学策略对英文教学效果影响的研究

1 引言认知方式是个体在信息加工与完成任务过程中个性特征的具体表现,也是一个人在感知、记忆与思维过程中所特有的稳定方式在认知活动中的体现。Witkin把个体的认知方式分为场依存型与场独立型。长期以来,Witkin和其他许多研究者都认为场依存一独立认知方式有重要的教育意义。自九十年代以后,英国心理学家Riding与Cheema综合考察了以往研究资料,把场独立(FI)与场依存(FD)划分到整体     

呈现方式与认知方式对文章标记效应的影响

采用纸笔呈现和视频显示终端(video display terminab,VDT)呈现两种形式,探讨了认知方式与文章标记类型对文章阅读效果的影响,结果表明: (1)文章标记对不同认知方式的读者影响不同,无论有无文章标记,场独立者对各类信息的保持量没有明显的变化,而文章的宏观标记能够使场依存者的阅读指向发生改变,场依存者会更加注意与标记有关的内容; (2)呈现方式对文章信息的保持量有显著的影响,纸笔呈现方式下,被试的信息保持量明显好于VDT呈现方式; (3)在VDT呈现条件下,场独立者对主题性信息的保持量显著高于场依存者.     

Together – apart: in touch in a time of separation

This paper explores the experience of working as a Jungian analyst through the various phases of the global COVID-19 pandemic, examining the importance of the physical containing space alongside the analyst’s internal mind and how technology can both help and hinder understanding. A number of clinical vignettes illustrate the challenge of communicating over a distance, paying particular attention to the way countertransference phenomena can become re-attuned. Reference is made to mythology and symbols of hope, and consideration given to the meaning and purpose of the pandemic.     

The Possibility of Meaning in Human Evolution

Science undermines the certitude of non-naturalistic answers to the question of whether human life has meaning. I explore whether evolution can provide a naturalistic basis for existential meaning. Using the work of philosopher Daniel Dennett and scientist Ursula Goodenough, I argue that evolution is the locus of the possibility of meaning because it has produced intentionality, the matrix of consciousness. I conclude that the question of the meaning of human life is an existentialist one: existential meaning is a product of the individual and collective tasks human beings undertake.     

Phenotypic plasticity and archetype: a response to common objections to the biological theory of archetype and instinct

Since Jung’s death in 1961, scholars have attempted to integrate growing biological science data into Jungian concepts such as the collective unconscious, instincts and the archetypes. This enterprise has been challenging due to persistent false dichotomies of gene and environment occasionally arising. Recent works by Roesler (2022a, 2022b) for example, have raised objections to the biological theory of archetypes, but the objections are plagued by such dichotomies. The concept of phenotypic plasticity, however, helps to both avoid this problem as well as bridge the gap between competing theories into a more integrated model with solid biological foundations.     

When is it time to stop? When good enough becomes bad enough

This article draws on Winnicott’s concept of the good enough mother to discuss how to know whether a therapeutic situation is good enough to continue or bad enough to end. This dilemma is explored in terms of clinical syndromes, such as anorexia and pathological gambling, but focuses mainly on analyst-initiated endings, which are termed the ‘Casablanca dilemma’, based on an amplification of the ending of the film Casablanca. The author goes on to discuss such one-sided endings, drawing on interviews with 40 analysts and therapists about their clinical experience. A typology of bad enough endings is presented. The psychological differences between a good enough analysis as opposed to a bad enough one are explored through the ideas of Winnicott and Neumann.     

Kann Es Ein Argument Für Den Skeptizismus Geben? Das Epistemische Problem Der Irrtumsmöglichkeit

Summary  Is there any argument for scepticism? The epistemic problem of the possibility of error. Arguments for scepticism rest on the assumption that knowledge claims are fallible. For this reason the concept of knowledge appears to be questionable. Since it is necessary to distinguish doubts from possible doubts, the arguments for scepticism appear to be unconvincing. If we take it into account that we know something that is immune to doubt, we should draw the conclusion that, contrary to scepticism, knowledge claims have to be compatible with being fallible. Thus any knowledge claim is capable of being doubted.     

The transcendent function in Spitteler’s Prometheus and Epimetheus

In August 2020, John Beebe and Steve Myers met via Zoom to discuss their differing interpretations of psychological typology and the different sources within Jung’s writings that influenced their books: Integrity in Depth: Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type (Beebe), and Myers-Briggs Typology vs Jungian Individuation (Myers). The discussion centred on Spitteler’s epic poem Prometheus und Epimetheus, which forms the basis of chapter V of Psychological Types. This is both the largest chapter and one of two chapters that Jung highlighted in the Argentine foreword as containing the essence of the book. Jung’s book is primarily about the transformation of personality rather than the categorization of people. Although it contains a critical psychology that deconstructs the nature of consciousness, that is only one half of the book and a stepping-stone to the other half, which is the reconciliation of opposites with particular emphasis on the relation of consciousness and the unconscious. Jung assumed that readers were already familiar with Prometheus und Epimetheus, an understanding of which sheds light on the nature of the transformation that Jung described – the development of a new attitude towards attitude itself.     

Chapter 6: Biblical Foundations for a Practical Theology of Aging

SUMMARY

This article reviews Biblical sources pertaining to the elderly, particularly the frail elderly. Founded on these sources, implications for elderly with Alzheimer's Disease and other forms of dementia are addressed through a personal perspective informed by writings of Christian mystics.     

Seeing in the Dark: A View into Dissociation and Healing

In this paper, I will explore the role of art-making, the experience of trauma and dissociation, and the process of working with self-states from an analytic and creative frame. Relevant literature on dissociation, trauma, and the use of art will be discussed. A case involving my work with an adolescent girl who had experienced sexual abuse from a family member will be shared, with an emphasis on the meaningful role images played during the therapeutic process. Both Jungian and psychoanalytic models of conceptualizing and working with dissociation are included, following Donald Kalsched’s (2013) recommendation for a “binocular stance” to treatment, including both a focus on the inner, intrapsychic world and the interpersonal, relational realm, and how art images both illuminated and expressed these realms. Within the therapeutic process, art images allowed the therapist a view into the client’s unconscious process, and created a meeting ground for dissociative barriers to be gradually seen, felt and known, by both therapist and client. The experience of dissociation, in images and in session, provided a reference point for myself and my client, Taylor, to develop a shared understanding and a framework for growth.