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1.
Keith Cox 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2012,13(1):103-128
Little in-depth research exists on subjective well-being (SWB) in the developing world, especially among the poor and extremely
poor. Biswas-Diener and Diener (Soc Indic Res 55:329–352, 2001) employed a study design in the slums of Calcutta, India to address this gap in SWB research. They found slightly negative
global SWB but slightly positive domain specific satisfaction in their sample. The current study employs the same paradigm
and investigates the SWB of female sex workers, city dump dwellers, and urban and rural poor in Nicaragua, Central America.
The current study was able to replicate the Biswas-Diener and Diener (Soc Indic Res 55:329–352, 2001) finding of slightly negative SWB for marginalized urban groups. In addition, an overall model for predicting SWB was constructed
using personality dispositions, objective income, social support, and social rootedness as predictors. Social support and
objective income were the only significant predictors in the model but more zero order relations existed. Additionally, this
study contrasted urban poor versus rural poor and found no significant SWB differences. 相似文献
2.
Consumption is a central component of many peoples’ lives. Providing satisfaction and happiness with the products and services
we buy and with the institutions that supply them is a fundamental part of marketing (Wilkie and Moore in J Macromark 26(2):224–232,
2006). Many studies investigate the influence of various microaspects of products/services—or of specific situational customer
characteristics—on satisfaction evaluations. This study examines how a macro-variable, Subjective Wellbeing (SWB), relates
to consumer satisfaction and illustrates the importance of SWB in studies examining determinants of the concept. Using the
idea of spill-over effects, a well established concept in psychology and marketing that has received little attention in the
area of consumer satisfaction research, it investigates whether attitudes towards marketing activities, measured by the Index
of Consumer Sentiment Towards Marketing, are influenced by SWB. The research finds that Subjective Wellbeing, as determined
by the International Wellbeing Index, contributes significantly to the explanation of consumer sentiment and makes a case
for its inclusion in more consumer satisfaction studies. 相似文献
3.
Eduardo Wills-Herrera Gazi Islam Marilyn Hamilton 《Applied research in quality of life》2009,4(2):201-221
Subjective indicators of well-being have been proposed as guides for development policy since development is not limited to
material wealth (Veenhoven, Social Indicators Research, 58:33–45 2002; Diener, Journal of Happiness Studies 7:4–397 2006). Development studies have suffered from a materialistic bias (Easterlin, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 27:35–47
1995). The paper presents a comparative cross-cultural investigation of domains of subjective well-being (SWB) and a global measure
of Satisfaction with Life as a Whole (SWLS) in three cities: Bogotá-Colombia; Belo-Horizonte-Brazil and Toronto-Canada. The
Personal and National Wellbeing Indexes (PWI and NWI) developed by the International Wellbeing Group (IWG, Cummins, Social
Indicators Research 38:303–328 1996; Cummins et al., Social Indicators Network News 69:8 2002) as well as the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS, Diener et al., Journal of Personality Assessment 49:71–75 1985) were applied and successfully validated at the city level. The cities chosen have similar democratic institutions but different
cultures and different “objective” indicators of development. Significant differences across cities as well as significant
interaction effects were found for the subjective well-being indexes and demographic variables. Based on these results, we
propose that NWI may be seen as a contextual antecedent of PWI, consistent with our view that individual evaluations of SWB
may be determined by dispositional factors (top-down), context (bottom-up domains) and cultural values. The validation of
the subjective well-being indexes in diverse cultural contexts is an important contribution in a field that has been mainly
dominated by European, American and Australian samples. 相似文献
4.
Pilar Sanjuán 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2011,12(3):373-384
Well-being is a multidimensional construct which includes hedonic and eudaimonic aspects. Hedonic well-being is focused on
happiness, while eudaimonic well-being is focused on developing of human potential. Most hedonic psychologists have used measures
of subjective well-being (SWB), which have two components: a cognitive evaluation of the satisfaction with one’s life as a
whole, and an affective component that refers to predominance of positive over negative affect (or affect balance). Eudaimonic
well-being, sometimes labelled psychological well-being (PWB), includes subjective evaluations of effective psychological
functioning. Ryff’s (1989a) model of PWB, which is included within the eudaimonic perspective, conceives well-being as a multidimensional construct
made up of life attitudes like self-acceptance, positive relation with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in
life, and personal growth. Research has revealed that SWB and PWB are related, but, they are also distinguishable, since they
were differentially related to various criteria. The main goal of the present study was to explore how these two different
aspects of well-being are related. Two hundred and fifty-five individuals (114 male and 141 female, mean age = 36.46, standard
deviation = 10.83) participated in the study. All the components of well-being were strongly interrelated, and mediational
analysis showed that affect balance mediated the relationships between some positive life attitudes and satisfaction with
life. Future research, using longitudinal designs, should clearly establish the causal relationships between the different
aspects of well-being. 相似文献
5.
Franz Huber 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2007,36(5):511-538
This paper starts by indicating the analysis of Hempel’s conditions of adequacy for any relation of confirmation (Hempel,
1945) as presented in Huber (submitted). There I argue contra Carnap (1962, Section 87) that Hempel felt the need for two concepts of confirmation: one aiming at plausible theories and another aiming
at informative theories. However, he also realized that these two concepts are conflicting, and he gave up the concept of
confirmation aiming at informative theories. The main part of the paper consists in working out the claim that one can have
Hempel’s cake and eat it too — in the sense that there is a logic of theory assessment that takes into account both of the
two conflicting aspects of plausibility and informativeness. According to the semantics of this logic, α is an acceptable theory for evidence β if and only if α is both sufficiently plausible given β and sufficiently informative about β. This is spelt out in terms of ranking functions (Spohn, 1988) and shown to represent the syntactically specified notion of an assessment relation. The paper then compares these acceptability
relations to explanatory and confirmatory consequence relations (Flach, 2000) as well as to nonmonotonic consequence relations (Kraus et al., 1990). It concludes by relating the plausibility-informativeness approach to Carnap’s positive relevance account, thereby shedding
new light on Carnap’s analysis as well as solving another problem of confirmation theory.
A precursor of this paper has appeared as “The Logic of Confirmation and Theory Assessment” in L. Běhounek & M. Bílková (eds.),
The Logica Yearbook 2004, Prague: Filosofia, 2005, 161–176. 相似文献
6.
Lauren E. Popham Shelia M. Kennison Kristopher I. Bradley 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2011,30(2):184-193
The research investigated the relationships among ageism, sensation-seeking, and risk-taking in young adults. Recent research
has shown that young adults reporting higher levels of ageist attitudes and ageist behaviors also report higher levels of
risk-taking in daily life than those with less ageist attitudes and behaviors (Popham et al. in press). The results are consistent
with terror management theory; young adults may attempt to buffer their death anxiety by seeking out experiences that make
them feel strong and invulnerable (i.e., taking risks). In contrast, prior research has shown that there is a link between
risk-taking and sensation-seeking and that individuals may be biologically predisposed to be high sensation-seekers (Zuckerman
Behavioural and Brain Sciences 7:413–471, 1984; Neuropsychobiology 13:121–128, 1985). In a study with 475 undergraduates, we investigated the relationships among ageism, sensation-seeing, and risk-taking behavior.
The results showed that ageist behavior and two dimensions of sensation-seeking (i.e., Disinhibition and Experience Seeking)
were significant predictors of risk-taking. Implications for practical approaches to reduce risk-taking in young adults are
discussed. 相似文献
7.
Jens Rowold 《Journal of religion and health》2011,50(4):950-963
Recently, Gomez and Fisher (Gomez R and Fisher JW (2003) Pers Individ Dif 35: 1975–1991) proposed that four facets of spiritual well-being exist, namely, personal, communal, environmental,
and transcendental spiritual well-being. Based on data from three independent studies, the present research effort tested
the validity of a German version of (Gomez R and Fisher JW (2003) Pers Individ Dif 35: 1975–1991) of the Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire (SWBQ-G). It was found that the SWBQ-G was factorially
valid and that each of the four SWBQ-G scales was discriminant to mental, physical, and emotional well-being. Also, it was
found that the SWBQ-G predicted levels of subsequent happiness, psychological well-being (positive relationship), and stress
(negative relationship). These results add to our knowledge about the validity of the construct of spiritual well-being. 相似文献
8.
The social problem posed by family conflict to the physical and psychological health and well-being of children, parents,
and underlying family relationships is a cause for concern. Inter-parental and parent–child conflict are linked with children’s
behavioral, emotional, social, academic, and health problems, with children’s risk particularly elevated in distressed marriages.
Supported by the promise of brief psycho-educational programs (e.g., Halford et al. in Journal of Family Psychology 22:497–505,
2008; Sanders in Journal of Family Psychology 22:506–517, 2008), the present paper presents the development and evaluation of a prevention program for community families with children,
concerned with family-wide conflict and relationships, and building on Emotional Security Theory (Davies and Cummings in Psychological
Bulletin 116:387–411, 1994). This program uniquely focuses on translating research and theory in this area into brief, engaging programs for community
families to improve conflict and emotional security for the sake of the children. Evaluation is based on multi-domain and
multi-method assessments of family-wide and child outcomes in the context of a randomized control design. A series of studies
are briefly described in the programmatic development of a prevention program for conflict and emotional security for community
families, culminating in a program for family-wide conflict and emotional security for families with adolescents. With regard
to this ongoing program, evidence is presented at the post-test for improvements in family-wide functioning, consideration
of the relative benefits for different groups within the community, and preliminary support for the theoretical bases for
program outcomes. 相似文献
9.
Susan A. J. Stuart 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2010,9(1):37-51
A great deal of effort has been, and continues to be, devoted to developing consciousness artificially (A small selection
of the many authors writing in this area includes: Cotterill (J Conscious Stud 2:290–311, 1995, 1998), Haikonen (2003), Aleksander and Dunmall (J Conscious Stud 10:7–18, 2003), Sloman (2004, 2005), Aleksander (2005), Holland and Knight (2006), and Chella and Manzotti (2007)), and yet a similar amount of effort has gone in to demonstrating the infeasibility of the whole enterprise (Most notably:
Dreyfus (1972/1979, 1992, 1998), Searle (1980), Harnad (J Conscious Stud 10:67–75, 2003), and Sternberg (2007), but there are a great many others). My concern in this paper is to steer some navigable channel between the two positions,
laying out the necessary pre-conditions for consciousness in an artificial system, and concentrating on what needs to hold
for the system to perform as a human being or other phenomenally conscious agent in an intersubjectively-demanding social
and moral environment. By adopting a thick notion of embodiment—one that is bound up with the concepts of the lived body and
autopoiesis (Maturana and Varela 1980; Varela et al. 2003; and Ziemke 2003, 2007a, J Conscious Stud 14(7):167–179, 2007b)—I will argue that machine phenomenology is only possible within an embodied distributed system that possesses a richly affective
musculature and a nervous system such that it can, through action and repetition, develop its tactile-kinaesthetic memory,
individual kinaesthetic melodies pertaining to habitual practices, and an anticipatory enactive kinaesthetic imagination.
Without these capacities the system would remain unconscious, unaware of itself embodied within a world. Finally, and following
on from Damasio’s (1991, 1994, 1999, 2003) claims for the necessity of pre-reflective conscious, emotional, bodily responses for the development of an organism’s core
and extended consciousness, I will argue that without these capacities any agent would be incapable of developing the sorts
of somatic markers or saliency tags that enable affective reactions, and which are indispensable for effective decision-making
and subsequent survival. My position, as presented here, remains agnostic about whether or not the creation of artificial
consciousness is an attainable goal. 相似文献
10.
Differences in subjective wellbeing were examined among 3,641 men and women in Yunnan, China. Using an urban Chinese sample,
Appleton and Song in World Dev 36:2325–2340, (2008) reported that SWB was positively correlated with income, reporting good health, being married, female, and a Communist Party
member. The current work examines how well these findings hold in the non-coastal province of Yunnan, by gender, and by urban/rural
status. 相似文献
11.
A Person-Centered Approach to Subjective Well-Being 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Michael A. Busseri Stanley Sadava Danielle Molnar Nancy DeCourville 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2009,10(2):161-181
Rooted in Diener’s (Psychol Bull 95:542–575, 1984) three-component model of subjective well-being (SWB), the present work
employed a person-centered approach to studying SWB based on Shmotkin’s (Rev Gen Psychol 9:291–325, 2005) dynamic systems
framework. Within-individual configurations of life satisfaction (LS), positive affect (PA), and negative affect (NA) were
explored using cluster analysis. Five distinct SWB configurations replicated within and across two samples (N = 756 first-year undergraduates; N = 550 community adults). A substantial number of participants reported a profile indicative of “high SWB” (high LS, frequent
PA, infrequent NA). Consistent with expectations, these individuals were characterized by elevated mental, physical, and interpersonal
functioning. In contrast, people with a “low SWB” profile reported the greatest dysfunction. Across the five clusters, however,
adaptive functioning was not unique to individuals reporting a high SWB profile, nor was dysfunction unique to people characterized
by a low SWB configuration. Results are discussed in terms of compensation and strain processes hypothesized by Shmotkin (2005).
Implications for future research on SWB are considered.
相似文献
Michael A. BusseriEmail: |
12.
According to the inhibition theory of forgetting (Anderson, Journal of Memory and Language 49:415–445, 2003; Anderson, Bjork, & Bjork, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 7:522-530, 2000), retrieval practice on a subset of target items leads to forgetting for the other, nontarget items, due to the fact that
these other items interfere during the retrieval process and have to be inhibited in order to resolve the interference. In
this account, retrieval-induced forgetting occurs only when competition takes place between target and nontarget items during
target item practice, since only in such a case is inhibition of the nontarget items necessary. Strengthening of the target
item without active retrieval should not lead to such an impairment. In two experiments, we investigated this assumption by
using noncompetitive retrieval during the practice phase. We strengthened the cue–target item association during practice
by recall of the category name instead of the target item, and thus eliminated competition between the different item types
(as in Anderson et al., Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 7:522-530 2000). In contrast to the expectations of the inhibition theory, retrieval-induced forgetting occurred even without competition,
and thus the present study does not support the retrieval specificity assumption. 相似文献
13.
The burgeoning world-wide consumer culture brings with it certain baggage. Materialistic attitudes and compulsive buying have
both been linked to lower levels of subjective well-being in consumers. Additionally, time is becoming an increasingly precious
commodity as denizens of the consumer culture increase their work load and activities in an attempt to fully achieve the happiness
promised by a lifestyle of consumption. The purpose of the present research is to investigate whether the negative impact
of materialism and compulsive buying on well-being is moderated by a person’s perceived time affluence (the time one perceives
he/she has available for life’s many activities). Using a large sample of adolescents (n = 1,329), the present study finds that (1) materialism and compulsive buying negatively impact subjective well-being, and
that (2) time affluence moderates the relationship between materialism and compulsive buying and well-being. Specifically,
perceptions of time affluence were found to negate the negative relationship between both materialism and SWB and compulsive
buying and SWB. And (3), the present research appears to have uncovered a “sweet spot” when it comes to the influence of time
affluence on the above relationships. Too little or too much time affluence was found to be associated with lower well-being.
A simple slope analysis suggests that moderate levels of time affluence are most conducive to our well-being as consumers.
In addition to discussing these findings, the authors also note certain limitations and offer directions for future research. 相似文献
14.
Ian Underwood 《Philosophical Studies》2010,151(2):265-283
Baxter (Australas J Philos 79:449–464, 2001) proposes an ingenious solution to the problem of instantiation based on his theory of cross-count identity. His idea is
that where a particular instantiates a universal it shares an aspect with that universal. Both the particular and the universal
are numerically identical with the shared aspect in different counts. Although Baxter does not say exactly what a count is,
it appears that he takes ways of counting as mysterious primitives against which different numerical identities are defined. In contrast, I defend the idea—suggested,
though not quite endorsed, by Baxter himself—that counts are independent dimensions of numerical identity. Different ways
of counting are explained by the existence of these different sorts of identity (i.e., counts). For the instantiation of a
universal by a particular, I propose one dimension concerned with the individuation of particulars (the p-count) and another
dimension concerned with the individuation of universals (the u-count). On that basis, I give a clear definition of cross-count
identity that explains its asymmetrical nature (i.e., the fact that particulars instantiate universals, but not vice versa).
I extend the theory to a third dimension—that of time, or the t-count—and thereby defend Baxter’s ideas on change, and the
contingency of instantiation. Baxter (Mind 97(388):575–582, 1988; Australas J Philos 79:449–464, 2001) proposes the related idea of composition as (cross-count) identity. Parts are individually cross-count identical with the
wholes that they constitute, and they collectively share all aspects across counts with those wholes. I propose an innovation
by which totality is shared distinctness across counts. The theory applies to both the totality of particulars that instantiate any given universal, and the totality
of parts that constitute any given whole. I argue that this has several advantages over Armstrong’s view, which is based on
a dubious external totalling relation. I also argue that Armstrong’s theory of numbers (or quantities) as internal relations ought to be rejected in favour of
an account based on identity and distinctness. The paper concludes with a careful analysis of external relations in Baxter’s
framework. I argue that we must recognise one further dimension of identity in order to differentiate between, e.g., the aspects
of Abelard insofar as he loves Heloise and Abelard insofar as he loves Isobel. Each of these aspects is identical with Abelard
and identical with loving-by, yet they must be in some way distinct. I therefore propose the r-count, in which multiple distinct relational properties
are the very same relation (-part). The existence of these four independent dimensions explains the fact that particulars,
universals, relations, and times are fundamentally different sorts of things in the ontology. Each is individuated with respect
to a different dimension of identity. 相似文献
15.
Several theorists have proposed that distinctions are needed between different positive emotional states, and that these discriminations
may be particularly useful in the domain of vocal signals (Ekman, 1992b, Cognition and Emotion, 6, 169–200; Scherer, 1986, Psychological Bulletin, 99, 143–165). We report an investigation into the hypothesis that positive basic emotions have distinct vocal expressions (Ekman,
1992b, Cognition and Emotion, 6, 169–200). Non-verbal vocalisations are used that map onto five putative positive emotions: Achievement/Triumph, Amusement,
Contentment, Sensual Pleasure, and Relief. Data from categorisation and rating tasks indicate that each vocal expression is
accurately categorised and consistently rated as expressing the intended emotion. This pattern is replicated across two language
groups. These data, we conclude, provide evidence for the existence of robustly recognisable expressions of distinct positive
emotions. 相似文献
16.
Quincy J. J. Wong Michelle L. Moulds 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(2):273-284
Clark and Wells’ (1995) model of social phobia proposes that there are three types of maladaptive self-beliefs responsible for persistent social
anxiety (high standard, conditional, and unconditional beliefs). Although these beliefs are theoretically important, there
currently is not a validated measure of these beliefs in the social anxiety literature. Hence, the Self-Beliefs Related to
Social Anxiety (SBSA) Scale was developed (Wong & Moulds, 2010a) and its psychometric properties were examined in the current study using a non-clinical sample (N = 600). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses ultimately indicated that a correlated three-factor solution optimally
summarized the data with the three factors corresponding to the three belief types. The SBSA and its three subscales demonstrated
good internal consistency and test-retest reliability, as well as convergent and divergent validity. The SBSA thus appears
to have good psychometric properties and is appropriate for use in non-clinical samples. The potential applications of the
SBSA and avenues for future research are discussed. 相似文献
17.
Recently, there has been increasing interest in reporting subscores. This paper examines reporting of subscores using multidimensional
item response theory (MIRT) models (e.g., Reckase in Appl. Psychol. Meas. 21:25–36, 1997; C.R. Rao and S. Sinharay (Eds), Handbook of Statistics, vol. 26, pp. 607–642, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 2007; Beguin & Glas in Psychometrika, 66:471–488, 2001). A MIRT model is fitted using a stabilized Newton–Raphson algorithm (Haberman in The Analysis of Frequency Data, University
of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1974; Sociol. Methodol. 18:193–211, 1988) with adaptive Gauss–Hermite quadrature (Haberman, von Davier, & Lee in ETS Research Rep. No. RR-08-45, ETS, Princeton, 2008). A new statistical approach is proposed to assess when subscores using the MIRT model have any added value over (i) the
total score or (ii) subscores based on classical test theory (Haberman in J. Educ. Behav. Stat. 33:204–229, 2008; Haberman, Sinharay, & Puhan in Br. J. Math. Stat. Psychol. 62:79–95, 2008). The MIRT-based methods are applied to several operational data sets. The results show that the subscores based on MIRT
are slightly more accurate than subscore estimates derived by classical test theory. 相似文献
18.
Although word co-occurrences within a document have been demonstrated to be semantically useful, word interactions over a
local range have been largely neglected by psychologists due to practical challenges. Shannon’s (Bell Systems Technical Journal, 27, 379–423, 623–665, 1948) conceptualization of information theory suggests that these interactions should be useful for understanding communication.
Computational advances make an examination of local word–word interactions possible for a large text corpus. We used Brants
and Franz’s (2006) dataset to generate conditional probabilities for 62,474 word pairs and entropy calculations for 9,917 words in Nelson,
McEvoy, and Schreiber’s (Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 402–407, 2004) free association norms. Semantic associativity correlated moderately with the probabilities and was stronger when the two
words were not adjacent. The number of semantic associates for a word and the entropy of a word were also correlated. Finally,
language entropy decreases from 11 bits for single words to 6 bits per word for four-word sequences. The probabilities and
entropies discussed here are included in the supplemental materials for the article. 相似文献
19.
Coefficients Alpha,Beta, Omega,and the glb: Comments on Sijtsma 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
There are three fundamental problems in Sijtsma (Psychometrika, 2008): (1) contrary to the name, the glb is not the greatest lower bound of reliability but rather is systematically less than
ω
t
(McDonald, Test theory: A unified treatment, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, 1999), (2) we agree with Sijtsma that when considering how well a test measures one concept, α is not appropriate, but recommend ω
t
rather than the glb, and (3) the end user needs procedures that are readily available in open source software. 相似文献
20.
Angela Uchoa Branco 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2009,43(4):350-355
Humans’ tendency to classify and categorize is definitely overspread, but it can be misleading at all fields, including epistemology,
ontology, theory, and analysis of scientific knowledge construction itself. Sanchez and Loredo (IPBS: Integrative Psychological
& Behavioral Science 43:4, 2009—DOI ) in their article on classification of contemporary constructivists fall exactly into such pitfall- even as their effort
to make sense of many outstanding theorists is impressive and intriguing. A further analysis, however, points at the theoretical
trap posed by such endeavor, for models arisen from different epistemological standpoints cannot be compared along the lines
of a simplistic polarity between “objectivism” and subjectivism”. There is much more to be taken into account when a intrinsically
complex subject like constructivism and constructionism epistemological approach and their welcome different versions—perspectives—are
submitted to analysis and critical evaluation. 相似文献