共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Conclusions Continued scientific and medical progress in Central and Eastern Europe depends on the development of an atmosphere that is
conducive to implementing the changes that are necessary to bring better health and longer lives for everyone. Privatization
and commercialization are threatening the objectivity of clinical research and the availability of health care because uncontrolled
market mechanisms focused on profit are nurturing conflict of interest that generate bias and unreliability into research
and medicine. Changes are needed that address the following:
| – |
The amount of public support for basic and clinical research and health care,
|
| – |
standards for the conduct of clinical trials and delivery of health care,
|
| – |
administrative procedures for responding to the conflict of interest problem.
|
相似文献
2.
Some philosophers have argued that refraining from performing an action consists in actively keeping oneself from performing
that action or preventing one’s performing it. Since activities must be held to be positive actions, this implies that negative
actions are a species of positive actions which is to say that all actions are positive actions.
I defend the following claims:
| (i) |
Positive actions necessarily include activity or effort, negative actions may require activity or effort, but never include the activity or effort which may be required.
|
| (ii) |
Unless it is, or was, at some time in P’s power to Q, P does not refrain from Q-ing. |
| (iii) |
Negative actions are actions, they are causings of negative facts.
|
相似文献
3.
My view is that the relevant alternative position should be conceived of as in two parts: | (1) |
With respect to many propositions, to establish a knowledge claim is to be able to support it as opposed to a limited number of alternatives — i.e., only those which are relevant in the context.
| | (2) |
With respect to many propositions — in particular those which are such that their negations are not relevant alternatives in the context in question — we simply know them to be true and do not need evidence, in the normal sense, that they, rather than their negations, are true. So conceived, the relevant alternative view neither supports the abandonment of deductive closure, nor is such abandonment in any way needed to provide the relevant alternative view with an answer to the skeptic, insofar as he can be answered.
|
相似文献
4.
Summary
| 1. |
During habituation in 4 dogs to a new environment and attachment of apparatus, the blood pressure was at first high but fell
from about 175 systolic the first day to about 135 on the ninth day.
|
| 2. |
In the first group of dogs used two years previously to form 3 cardiac conditional reflexes to 3 intensities of shock, the
blood pressure measured after a 13-month rest was retained and specific to the 3 intensities of shock. In another group of
2 dogs the blood pressure was specific to the excitatory and to the inhibitory signals for pain.
|
| 3. |
The conditioned hypertension was parallel to the conditioned heart rate.
|
| 4. |
The conditioned hypertension was parallel to the motor conditional reflex with certain exceptions: the conditioned hypertension
was, like the cardiac conditional reflex, quicker to form and more persistent, thus being present often in the absence of
the motor conditional reflex—an evidence ofschizokinesis.
|
| 5. |
The conditioned hypertension was retained for a 13-month rest period without intervening training, being present immediately
when the dog was brought back into the environment where the stress had been given.
|
| 6. |
Although the conditioned hypertension was retained in the long rest period,it could in one dog be reduced somewhat by repeating the conditional stimulus without the shock (non-reinforcement), a more efficient way of extinction
than simple rest. In another dog the hypertension became exaggerated though there was no repetition of the stress, showing
evidence of an internal development (autokinesis).
|
| 7. |
The amplitude of the conditioned hypertension varied according to the individual dog from about 130 average control to limits
of 150 to 225 (conditioned hypertension) in the separate dogs.
|
Reprinted from Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Vol. 107, No. 2, pp. 72–89, August, 1960. 相似文献
5.
Relatively little is known about the factor structure of disruptive behavior among preadolescent girls. The present study
reports on exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of disruptive girl behavior over four successive data waves as rated
by parents and teachers in a large, representative community sample of girls ( N = 2,451). Five factors were identified from parent ratings (oppositional behavior/conduct problems, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity,
relational aggression, and callous-unemotional behaviors), and four factors were identified derived from teacher ratings (oppositional
behavior/conduct problems/callous-unemotional behaviors, inattention, hyperactivityimpulsivity, and relational aggression).
There was a high degree of consistency of items loading on equivalent factors across parent and teacher ratings. Year-to-year
stability of factors between ages five and 12 was high for parent ratings (ICC = 0.70 to 0.88), and slightly lower for teacher
ratings (ICC = 0.56 to 0.83). These findings are discussed in terms of possible adjustment to the criteria for children's
disruptive behavior disorders found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders.
相似文献
6.
Classical Soviet Marxism-Leninism is in the process of dissolution, with some parts of the ideology being rejected, others retained in one form or another, and new components being adopted. At the same time, a wide-ranging pluralism of new objectives and forms of consciousness has emerged in Soviet intellectual life. Since both the motives for restructuring and also the braking effects acting on the process of perestrojka are significantly dependent upon intellectual and ideological developments, attentive observations of these developments is of particular importance for the assessment of the evolutionary propects of the Soviet Union. At present the situation on the ideological-intellectual front can be characterized as follows: | 1. |
Although official changes in the ideology did not begin until 1989 they have caught up to the initial perestrojka in political and cultural life.
| | 2. |
Perestrojka has continually waned in importance as an ideological by-word largely under the influence of Gorbachv's new thinking which has turned attention to the dramatic history of the Soviet Union and the plight of the human individual in a society with few prospects for the future.
| | 3. |
In philosophy the new textbook published in 1989/90 introduces a series of crucial innovations that put paid to a number of classical shibboleths of the Marxist-Leninist world view.
| | 4. |
Academic philosophy has shifted more and more to a reexamination of the history of philosophy as well as to a reappraisal of pre-revolutionary Russian thought.
| | 5. |
The critique of Stalinism has gradually given way to a critique of Marxist principles generally, and even Lenin has become the subject of criticism.
| | 6. |
Fast on the heels of the new thinking and the ideological deconstruction come the voices of political orientations whose differences are so pronounced as to have warranted the compilation of an Atlas of ideologies.
| | 7. |
The search for a new moral identity has concentrated on three sources: the reestablishment of links with classical Russian culture, the renewal of links with Europe, and the deep-seated need to commit oneself to some ideal for sacrifice.
| | 8. |
The economic crisis has produced attitudes hostile to individual gain and speculation.
| | 9. |
Given the nature of the Soviet crisis intellectual cooperation with the West has to take forms which promote the rekindling of a sense of all-human awareness of the transcendent and reinforce the experience of common humanity.
| | 10. |
The establishment of all-European academic institutions designed in their very structure to engage in mutual cooperation could have a catalytic effect on the reconfiguration of Europe.
|
相似文献
7.
The principles that AN INSTANCE OF A CLASS IS THE CLASS and A CLASS IS AN INSTANCE OF ITSELF allow for the so called LAWS OF THOUGHT | 1. |
IDENTITY - WHAT IS, IS.
| | 2. |
CONTRADICTION - NOTHING BOTH IS and IS NOT.
| | 3. |
EXCLUDED MIDDLE - EVERYTHING IS or IS NOT.
|
and allow us to adopt a bivalent system. Everything essential for primary logic is provided. 相似文献
8.
In this introduction we discuss the motivation behind the workshop “Towards a New Epistemology of Mathematics” of which this
special issue constitutes the proceedings. We elaborate on historical and empirical aspects of the desired new epistemology,
connect it to the public image of mathematics, and give a summary and an introduction to the contributions to this issue.
相似文献
9.
Two studies examined whether the middle response option in graphic rating scales indicates a moderate standing on a trait/item,
or rather a “dumping ground” for unsure or non-applicable (N/A) responses. Study One identified middle response-option dysfunction.
Study Two indicated that respondents use the middle response option as an N/A proxy, even under implicit ‘skip if you do not
know’ instructional sets. Although middle response category ‘misuse’ did not adversely affect reliability and validity in
these studies, it is recommended that assessment developers (especially in on-line administration contexts) regularly include
an N/A response option when administering graphic rating scales.
相似文献
10.
This note is a reply to some of Giovanni Grandi’s comments on my paper “Berkeley’s Contingent Necessities.”
相似文献
11.
Kant’s reputation for making absolutist claims about universal and necessary conditions for the possibility of experience
are put here in the broader context of his goals for the Critical philosophy. It is shown that within that context, Kant’s
claims can be seen as considerably more innocuous than they are traditionally regarded, underscoring his deep respect for
“common sense” and sharing surprisingly similar goals with Wittgenstein in terms of what philosophy can, and at least as importantly
cannot, provide.
相似文献
12.
This paper discusses the extent to which Saba Mahmood’s ideas about Muslim women and agency are relevant for works beyond
her ethnographic speciality. The first part will reflect upon her arguments about Muslim female piety within the larger context
of progressive politics in the USA and the Middle East. The second part will describe the implications of Mahmood’s work towards
the production of alternative discourses—that is, works inspired by and produced from outside the overarching influence of
a Euro-American intellectual tradition.
相似文献
13.
This paper amounts to a reply to Professor Donald G. Brown’s thoughtful comment on my “Ethical Issues in Journal Peer-Review”,
which appeared in this journal.
相似文献
14.
Probabilism is committed to two theses:
| 1) |
Opinion comes in degrees—call them degrees of belief, or credences.
|
| 2) |
The degrees of belief of a rational agent obey the probability calculus. |
Correspondingly, a natural way to argue for probabilism is:
| i) |
to give an account of what degrees of belief are,
|
and then
| ii) |
to show that those things should be probabilities, on pain of irrationality.
|
Most of the action in the literature concerns stage ii). Assuming that stage i) has been adequately discharged, various authors
move on to stage ii) with varied and ingenious arguments. But an unsatisfactory response at stage i) clearly undermines any
gains that might be accrued at stage ii) as far as probabilism is concerned: if those things are not degrees of belief, then it is irrelevant to probabilism whether they should be probabilities or not.
In this paper we scrutinize the state of play regarding stage i). We critically examine several of the leading accounts of
degrees of belief: reducing them to corresponding betting behavior (de Finetti); measuring them by that behavior (Jeffrey);
and analyzing them in terms of preferences and their role in decision-making more generally (Ramsey, Lewis, Maher). We argue
that the accounts fail, and so they are unfit to subserve arguments for probabilism. We conclude more positively: ‘degree
of belief’ should be taken as a primitive concept that forms the basis of our best theory of rational belief and decision:
probabilism.
Special Issue Formal Epistemology I. Edited by
Branden Fitelson 相似文献
15.
Some authors have recently claimed that relativism about knowledge sentences accommodates the context sensitivity of our use
of such sentences as well as contextualism, while avoiding the counterintuitive consequences of contextualism regarding our
inter-contextual judgments, that is, our judgments about knowledge claims made in other contexts. I argue that relativism,
like contextualism, involves an error theory regarding a certain class of inter-contextual judgments.
相似文献
16.
The major purpose of this paper is to propose a comprehensive model describing the effects of response sets within the theory
framework of the stages of responding to questionnaires, and taking into account the effects of collectivist and individualist
attributes within cross-cultural contexts. The introduction of this model aims to provide a construct that may help minimize
biases in questionnaire-based research as well as providing new directions for theoretical and empirical research in the field
of response sets.
相似文献
17.
In this article the author develops a framework for a pragma-dialectical reconstruction of teleological argumentation in a
legal context. Ideas taken from legal theory are integrated in a pragma-dialectical model for analyzing and evaluating argumentation,
thus providing a more systematic and elaborate framework for assessing the quality of teleological arguments in a legal context.
Teleological argumentation in a legal context is approached as a specific form of pragmatic argumentation. The legal criteria
that are relevant for the evaluation of teleological argumentation are discussed and translated in terms of critical questions
that are relevant for the evaluation of the various forms of teleological argumentation.
相似文献
19.
In a recent paper, Jiri Benovsky argues that the bundle theory and the substratum theory, traditionally regarded as ‘deadly
enemies’ in the metaphysics literature, are in fact ‘twin brothers’. That is, they turn out to be ‘equivalent for all theoretical
purposes’ upon analysis. The only exception, according to Benovsky, is a particular version of the bundle theory whose distinguishing
features render unappealing. In the present reply article, I critically analyse these undoubtedly relevant claims, and reject
them.
相似文献
20.
Robert Preece’s The Psychology of Buddhist Tantra and Khenchen Thrangu Rinpoche’s Everyday Consciousness and Primordial Awareness are reviewed. Both books address Tibetan Buddhism, and their common threads underscore this discussion. Even when separated
from their original contexts, the Tibetan Buddhist teachings offer understandings about a common human nature and a method
of transforming consciousness through awareness.
相似文献
|
