Systemy S4 I S5 Lewisa a spójnik identyczności

Allatum est die 28 Septembris 1970     

NExt（S4）中Bull逻辑再探

本文重新考察Bull在1964给出的一个结论：以纯句法方式定义的一些扩张S4的正规模态逻辑具有有穷模型性质。本文修订Bull的代数证明。对于新定义的S4的Bull公式,证明通过它们在S4基础上生成的正规模态逻辑都具有有穷模型性质。这是关于模态逻辑的有穷模型性质的句法结论。本文还证明,相对于所有克里普克框架类而言,并非所有S4的Bull公式都具有一阶对应句子。     

从AIPRI和4S研究看循证医学的哲学意义

循证医学（ｅｖｉｄｅｎｃｅ－ｂａｓｅｄｍｅｄｉｃｉｎｅ又称据实医学）在１９９２年首次提出［１］,目前虽仍存在许多分歧和争论,但其正逐渐被越来越多的学者和临床医师所接受和推崇。本文将结合血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂治疗进行性肾功能衰竭研究（ＡＩＰＲＩ,ＡＣＥ...     

Applying the Schlossberg 4S Transition Model to Retired University Faculty: Does It Fit?

The authors surveyed university faculty to investigate whether the Schlossberg 4S Transition Model was a useful way to look at retirement adjustment. Participants were asked questions regarding aspects of situation, self, support, and strategies before and after retirement. Results are described in relation to overall retirement satisfaction.     

Peacocke’s Principle-Based Account of Modality: “Flexibility of Origins” Plus S4

Due to the influence of Nathan Salmon’s views, endorsement of the “flexibility of origins” thesis is often thought to carry a commitment to the denial of S4. This paper rejects the existence of this commitment and examines how Peacocke’s theory of the modal may accommodate flexibility of origins without denying S4. One of the essential features of Peacocke’s account is the identification of the Principles of Possibility, which include the Modal Extension Principle (MEP), and a set of Constitutive Principles. Regarding their modal status, Peacocke argues for the necessity of MEP, but leaves open the possibility that some of the Constitutive Principles be only contingently true. Here, I show that the contingency of the Constitutive Principles is inconsistent with the recursivity of MEP, and this makes the account validate S4. It is also shown that, compatibly with the necessity of the Constitutive Principles, the account can still accommodate intuitions about flexibility of origins. However, the account we end up with once those intuitions are consistently accommodated may not be satisfactory, and this opens up the debate about whether or not artefacts allow for some variation in their origins.     

Decidability of Quantified Propositional Intuitionistic Logic and S4 on Trees of Height and Arity ≤ω

Quantified propositional intuitionistic logic is obtained from propositional intuitionistic logic by adding quantifiers p, p, where the propositional variables range over upward-closed subsets of the set of worlds in a Kripke structure. If the permitted accessibility relations are arbitrary partial orders, the resulting logic is known to be recursively isomorphic to full second-order logic (Kremer, 1997). It is shown that if the Kripke structures are restricted to trees of at height and width at most , the resulting logics are decidable. This provides a partial answer to a question by Kremer. The result also transfers to modal S4 and some Gödel–Dummett logics with quantifiers over propositions.     

“与科学、技术和医学一起行动”——4S学会2008年年会综述

2008年8月20~23日,科学的社会研究学会(4S学会,Society for Social Studies of Science)2008年年会在荷兰港口城市鹿特丹召开.本届年会由4S学会与欧洲科学和技术研究学会(EASST)合办,具体由荷兰伊拉斯莫大学承办,世界各地与会代表达1000余人.其中包括4S学会主席、常人方法论研究的代表人物(Michael Lynch).     

Yoga Sūtras

The yoga system accepts the Sānkhya metaphysics, the fundamental variation being that consciousness is held to be supreme. The goal to be achieved is to attain this final state of pure consciousness. All obstacles, mental and physical, are subjugated and transcended. The method is the development of concentration by controlling all thought modes. It starts by the purification of the body by the control of posture and breathing. The mind is purified by the rejection of hindrances to the development of concentration. Both require a mandatory practice of the ethical ideals prescribed. The final goal of samādhi is not a post‐mortem state but realisable here and now. Many extraordinary capabilities acquired due to concentration are mere hindrances which are to be discarded. The Yoga Sūtras are four in number and made up pādās (steps). Only the first two sūtras are explained in a very sketchy manner.     

Sändor Ferenczi

Abstract

This essay will explore the early contributions of Sändor Ferenczi and their relationship to current psychodynamic perspectives on short-term treatment. Ferenczi'S development of the “active technique” and his later collaboration with Otto Rank influenced the works of Alexander and French, and the later writings of Malan, Davanloo, Sifneos, and Mann. Ferenczi'S emphasis on here-and-now transference interpretations and the importance of the patient'S emotional experience in treatment have proven to be enduring contributions to contemporary psychoanalytic practice.     

S+ versus S− Fading in prompting procedures with autistic children

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the relative effectiveness of two prompt-fading procedures for teaching difficult visual discriminations to autistic children. Both prompt procedures involved within-stimulus fading where manipulation occurred on the relevant component of the discrimination. One procedure involved fading first along the S+ stimulus, while holding the S? stimulus constant. The other procedure involved fading first along the S? stimulus, while holding the S+ stimulus constant. Eight autistic children were each taught two discriminations, one by each of the prompt procedures. Results indicated that for all but one child, the discriminations were acquired significantly faster, with fewer errors, when the S+ stimulus was faded first. These findings are related to the literature on the effects of stimulus novelty on selection and learning.     

REALIZATIONAL PERSPECTIVES: BION’S PSYCHOANALYSIS AND DOGEN’S ZEN

The American Journal of Psychoanalysis - The author discusses similarities, differences and identities between the later work of the psychoanalyst Wilfred Bion and the Soto Zen Buddhist teacher...     

SHUTTING DRETSKE’S DOOR

Dretske proposes a theory of knowledge in terms of a theory of information, but wishes to deny that empirical knowledge settles the large question of scepticism. This leads him to deny the closure of knowledge under known entailment. In a recent paper J?ger argues that Dretske’s theory of information entails closure for knowledge, ‘at least for the kind of propositions here at issue’ (J?ger 2004:194). If J?ger is right, Dretske is seriously embarrassed and must give something up. In this paper I show that there are two flaws in J?ger’s argument. The principle of informational closure considered by J?ger is incompatible with Dretske’s theory of information, and J?ger’s argument that Dretske is committed to a certain kind of substitution instance of that principle of informational closure is invalid. I propose adequacy conditions on signalled information and use them to motivate a formulation of a general closure principle for signalled information. I show that Dretske’s account of information satisfies the adequacy conditions, but in a way which commits him to an instance of the general closure principle. I argue that Dretske is consequently committed to closure for some cases of knowledge for which he wishes to deny closure. Finally, I sketch how, on the basis of the closure principle to which Dretske is committed, J?ger’s broader argument may yet go through.     

荷兰哲学家S.斯特拉塞

S.斯特拉塞(Strasser)1905年生于维也纳,他曾学习德国的语文学和哲学,1932年,他撰写了“作为戏剧作家的艾兴多夫”的论文而获得哲学博士学位。他在维也纳开始了他在中学的教学生涯,后来由于德国吞并奥地利,被迫前往比利时一所中学任教。为了秘密从事刚刚在卢汶开始的整理胡塞尔的文献、研究和出版胡塞尔著作的工作,他曾中断了数年的教学     

Negationsformen empirifcher S?tze

Ohne Zusammenfassung