老年人生命态度及其与抑郁和社会支持的关系

使用死亡态度描绘量表(修订版)、流调中心用抑郁量表和个人资源量表2000对京津地区的516位老年人进行问卷调查,探讨老年人生命态度的结构及特点,并选取几个因素探讨其对老年人生命态度的影响。结果表明:(1)生命态度的结构包含死亡恐惧、死亡逃避、自然接受、趋近接受和逃离接受五个维度。(2)在生命态度的五个维度中,自然接受和趋近接受存在显著的性别差异,死亡恐惧、自然接受和逃离接受存在显著的教育程度差异;(3)抑郁与自然接受呈显著负相关,与生命态度其他四个维度呈显著正相关;社会支持与死亡恐惧呈显著负相关,与自然接受呈显著正相关。     

城乡普高生与中职生对未来的规划和态度

以1995名城乡普高生和中职生为被试,采用未来取向问卷(中文版),考察了普高生和中职生对未来的规划和态度的基本特点。研究发现:(1)总体上,普高生对未来教育的投入水平高于中职生,对未来教育和职业目标的实现持更积极乐观的态度。此外,城市普高生对未来教育的探索水平高于城市中职生,但对未来婚姻/家庭的投入水平低于城市中职生;农村普高生对未来职业的探索和投入水平均低于农村中职生。(2)农村青少年对未来职业和婚姻/家庭的投入水平高于城市青少年,且对未来教育目标的实现持更积极乐观的态度。(3)男青少年对未来教育的投入水平低于女青少年,对未来婚姻/家庭的探索和投入水平高于女青少年,且农村男青少年比农村女青少年对未来婚姻/家庭目标的实现持更积极乐观的态度。     

中晚期青少年的个人规划及其与亲子、朋友沟通的关系

采用未来取向问卷（中文版）、亲子沟通和朋友沟通问卷调查了1741名高中生和大学生,从探索和投入两个方面考察了中晚期青少年个人规划的基本特点以及亲子沟通、朋友沟通与个人规划的关系。研究发现：青少年对未来教育的探索和投入水平高于未来职业和婚姻/家庭;从青少年中期到晚期,个体对不同领域的探索与投入遵循不同的发展模式;女青少年对未来教育的投入更多,而男青少年对未来婚姻/家庭的探索和投入更多;城市青少年对未来教育的探索和投入更多,而农村青少年对未来婚姻/家庭的投入更多。亲子沟通对中晚期青少年成就领域的规划具有较大影响,且影响大于朋友沟通,而朋友沟通对青少年未来婚姻/家庭规划的影响更大     

高中生的个人规划与抑郁的关系：性别的调节作用

以1261名高一和高三青少年为被试,采用个人规划问卷和抑郁量表,考察了高中生对未来教育、职业和婚姻/家庭领域的个人规划(探索和投入)与抑郁之间的关系,以及性别在其中的调节作用。研究发现:(1)高中生的个人规划对抑郁的预测具有领域特殊性:教育探索和投入可以显著负向预测抑郁,婚姻/家庭探索显著正向预测抑郁、婚姻/家庭投入显著负向预测抑郁,职业探索和投入均不能预测抑郁;(2)性别能调节婚姻/家庭探索与抑郁之间的关系:女生对婚姻/家庭的探索水平越高,其抑郁水平越高,男生对婚姻/家庭的探索则不能预测其抑郁。     

个人目标相关性对非临床抑郁者未来想象的影响

通过两个实验考查了非临床抑郁者未来想象的异常是否受到个人目标相关性的调节。实验1采用未来想象任务,实验2采用可能性评估范式,两个实验一致发现,抑郁倾向者想象未来积极事件的异常,受到了与个人目标相关性的调节:相对于非抑郁倾向者,抑郁倾向者对未来与个人目标相关的积极事件的预期减弱,而对未来与个人目标无关的积极事件的预期则没有表现出异常;同时还发现,抑郁倾向者表现出了对未来消极预期的普遍增强,不受与个人目标相关性的影响。     

青少年的个人未来发展目标和担忧

目标和担忧是个体关于未来的心理表征,对个体日常指向未来的行为具有引导作用。采用青少年未来取向问卷中文版调查了近2000名初中、高中和大学青少年,结果发现,青少年的目标和对未来的担忧反映了青少年期的主要发展任务,同时它们又因被试的年龄、性别、城乡背景以及思考内容领域的不同而表现出不同的特点。     

家庭环境与大学生抑郁和疏离感的关系

为了了解大学生的抑郁和疏离感状况及其影响因素,随机整群抽取了江苏省19所高校1900名大学生,进行了问卷调查,并对CES D量表、Alienation量表得分和心理健康的可能家庭影响因素进行了单因素方差分析。分析结果显示,14.7%的大学生CES-D量表得分≥20,3.3%的大学生Alienation量表得分≤30;是否独生子女、家庭所在地、家庭月收入、家庭凝聚力、家庭沟通、家庭冲突、父母受教育程度、职业、情感表达等,对大学生的抑郁和疏离感有不同程度的影响。由此可见,家庭因素仍然是影响大学生心理健康的重要因素。     

大学生依恋类型与抑郁和幸福感的关系

ECR—R对350名大学生进行四种依恋类型的划分,并实施了BECK抑郁量表和幸福感指数量表的测验。发现：1、性别显著影响冷漠型大学生的抑郁和幸福感;2、除了迷恋型外,是否处于恋爱状态对其它依恋类型大学生的抑郁差异性都达到了显著性水平;3、安全型被试幸福感显著高于不安全依恋者;安全型被试抑郁水平显著低于不安全型的抑郁水平。     

大学生亲子互动问卷的编制及其与抑郁的关系

自编《大学生亲子互动问卷》,选取125名被试进行问卷初测,并采用探索性因素分析建立问卷的因子结构;运用编制好的亲子互动问卷和抑郁自评量表(SDS)对306名大学生进行纸笔测试。通过验证性因素分析考察《大学生亲子互动问卷》的结构,检验问卷的同质信度和分半信度,并运用回归分析考察亲子互动对抑郁的预测作用。结果显示《大学生亲子互动问卷》包含主动关怀、自我表露、家庭活动和经济交流四个维度共21道题目,项目载荷区间为0.46-0.78,解释率58.92%,问卷各维度内部一致性信度在0.71-0.89之间,分半信度在0.66-0.78之间,验证性因素分析拟合指数X~2/df=1.49,RMSEA=0.06,结构效度可接受。亲子互动与抑郁的相关分析显示大学生亲子互动总分及四个维度的得分与抑郁都存在显著负相关,进一步的回归分析显示自我表露与家庭活动两个维度是预测抑郁的主要变量。在大学生的亲子互动中,更多的自我表露和家庭活动与较低水平的抑郁相关联。     

态度结构一致性及其对态度和行为的影响

态度结构一致性指态度的情感或认知成分与总体态度的一致程度以及态度的情感与认知成分两者间的一致程度。本文介绍了结构一致性的界定和操作方法,回顾了结构一致性对态度和行为的影响,包括其在态度形成中的作用以及对态度可获得性和态度-行为关系的影响。同时指出未来研究应关注各种结构一致性的交互,将结构一致性研究推广到群体水平,并进一步应用于社会预警研究。     

Self-Monitoring and Future Time Orientation in Romantic Relationships

The author examined the relationship between self-monitoring and participant's gender, and future time orientation in romantic relationships (FTORR) and tested the concurrent validity of the FTORR scale in this respect. One hundred seventy-three undergraduate students from Middle East Technical University were given M. Snyder's (1974) self-monitoring scale and B. Öner's (2000b) FTORR scale. Low self-monitoring participants had a more extended future time orientation (FTO) than high self-monitoring participants in terms of romantic associations.     

Factors Predicting Future Time Orientation for Romantic Relationships With the Opposite Sex

The author examines the possible connection of predictors of future time orientation to romantic relationships with the opposite sex using the Future Time Orientation in Romantic Relationships Scale (FTORR; B. Öner, 2000b). The variables suggested as correlates with FTORR scores in B. Öner's (2000a) study were subjected to regression analysis. The results indicated that relationship satisfaction and an eagerness to break up negative relationships were negatively related to FTORR scores, whereas being a woman, experiencing jealousy, and the degree of selectivity in choosing a dating partner were positively related to FTORR scores. Caution and relationship commitment both predicted FTORR scores through the mediating effect of relationship satisfaction. The author discusses the implications of the findings.     

中国文化价值观和未来时间取向对幸福感的影响

幸福感是个体根据自定的标准对其生活质量的整体性评估。本研究探讨了中国文化价值观对大学生幸福感的影响,并揭示了时间取向在中国文化价值观和幸福感间的中介作用。结果表明,中国文化价值观可分为刻苦上进、自然知足、重视家庭、谦逊克己、团结和谐、正义利他、服从权威和中庸守序等八个维度;自然知足、正义利他和谦逊克己与幸福感显著正相关,并通过未来取向的中介作用影响幸福感体验。     

大学生上网行为、态度和人格特征的研究

本研究使用自编大学生上网成瘾诊断问卷、自编上网行为和态度问卷以及三个人格量表,对上海市6所高校370名大学生的上网情况进行了调查。结果表明：(1)上网成瘾的大学生在上网的行为和态度上明显不同于非成瘾的大学生,他们表现出高开放性、社交性、胜任能力和匿名性,并且更认可网络交流的便利性。(2)上网成瘾的大学生比非成瘾的大学生明显表现出孤独、抑郁和焦虑的人格特质。(3)逐步回归分析的结果表明,“社交性”、“交流便利”、“焦虑量表分数”、“开放性”、“胜任能力”对大学生陷人网络的程度有显著的预测作用。     

态度强度对内隐-外显态度关系的调节作用研究

本研究探讨了态度强度对个体的内隐一外显年龄态度间关系的调节作用。研究发现,随着态度强度的增强,内隐——外显态度间一致性随之增大,随着态度强度的减弱,内隐——外显态度间一致性随之减少,支持了态度强度的调节作用。这一研究为解决Fazio和Bargh关于态度自动激活效应的争论提供了新的视角。本研究支持了Fazio的观点。     

Personal Resources and the Social Distribution of Depression

This paper addresses the hypothesis that gender, age, marital status, and SES matter for depression partly because of associated differences in the availability and/or impact of the personal resources of mastery and self-esteem. It is argued that findings indicating that the social distributions of these resources complement those for depression would provide preliminary support for this hypothesis. Based on a large urban community sample (n = 1,390), our findings fail to support the availability hypothesis in relation to marital status, provide only modest support in reference to age and gender, but yield compelling support in relation to socioeconomic status (SES). Indeed, variations in the availability of these resources, especially mastery, provide a largely, if not entirely, adequate explanation for the SES–depressive symptoms relationship and accounts for nearly half of the SES–Major Depressive Disorder relationship. Although the significance of mastery was more pronounced among women and unmarried persons, such differences did not contribute to understanding observed gender or marital status variations in depression.     

The Metaphysics of Personal Identity and Our Special Concern for the Future

Abstract: Philosophers have long suggested that our attitude of special concern for the future is problematic for a reductionist view of personal identity, such as the one developed by Derek Parfit in Reasons and Persons. Specifically, it is often claimed that reductionism cannot provide justification for this attitude. In this article, I argue that much of the debate in this arena involves a misconception of the connection between metaphysical theories of personal identity and our special concern. A proper understanding of this connection reveals that the abovementioned objection to reductionism cannot get off the ground. Though the connection I propose is weaker than the connection typically presupposed, I nonetheless run up against a conclusion reached by Susan Wolf in “Self‐Interest and Interest in Selves.” According to Wolf, metaphysical theses about the nature of personal identity have no significance for our attitude of special concern. By arguing against Wolf's treatment of self‐interest, I suggest that her arguments for this conclusion are misguided. This discussion leads to further clarification of the nature of the link between theories of personal identity and our special concern and, ultimately, to a better understanding of the rationality of this attitude.     

The Power of Change: Interpersonal Attraction as a Function of Attitude Similarity and Attitude Alignment

Abstract

In an experimental simulation with Israeli participants, the author examined the influence of two aspects of pre-employment screening (duration of screening and type of testing) on applicants' attitudes toward a recruitment effort and toward a potential job. Testing that lasted longer led to more favorable attitudes. The participants considered knowledge testing, compared with personality testing, more job related, less invasive of privacy, and less sensitive to the amount of time spent testing.     

Exposure to Violence in Young Inner-City Adolescents: Relationships With Suicidal Ideation, Depression, and PTSD Symptomatology

This study examined the relationship of exposure to violence to suicidal ideation, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology in 94 young adolescents from an inner-city school. Participants completed self-report measures of the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale, the Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire—Junior, Adolescent Psychopathology Scale—Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Subscale, and the Exposure to Violence Questionnaire. Using a hierarchical multiple regression design, exposure to violence demonstrated a unique relationship with PTSD symptomatology. Specifically, the relationship between violence exposure and PTSD symptomatology remained significant after controlling for depression and suicidal ideation severity. Controlling for PTSD symptomatology resulted in nonsignificant relationships between violence exposure and depression and suicidal ideation in adolescents. Additional analyses suggest that PTSD functions as a mediating variable between exposure to violence and depression and suicidal ideation. The implication of these results and suggestions for future research are discussed.     

防艾宣传大学生对艾滋病患者的内隐态度与交往意愿

目的：探讨大学生防艾宣传者对艾滋病患者的内隐态度。方法：采用自编大学生与艾滋病患者交往意愿调查问卷,通过测量获得对艾滋病患者有较高交往意愿的防艾宣传者100名,并随机抽取其中30名作为实验被试,完成了两组内隐联想测验（IAT）。结果：当艾滋病相关词与普通正性词相联以及非艾滋类乙型传染病与普通负性词相联时,其平均反应时低于艾滋病与一般消极性词相联及非艾滋类乙型传染病与普通正性词相联时的反应时;当艾滋病相关词与正性人际词相联以及非艾滋类乙型传染病与负性人际词相联时,其平均反应时与艾滋病和负性人际词相联及非艾滋类乙型传染病与正性人际词相联时的反应时无统计学意义的差异。结论：大学生防艾宣传者对各类传染病患者的内隐交往意愿处于同一水平,但相对于非艾滋类乙型传染病而言,其对艾滋病患者的消极厌恶水平较低。