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该研究考察了7、9、11岁小学儿童对陌生人信任判断的发展特点,以及信任方的信任倾向和被信任方的面孔可信度在儿童信任判断中的作用特点及其发展特征。结果发现:(1)7、9、11岁小学儿童基于面孔对陌生他人进行的信任判断中,9、11岁儿童的信任水平要高于7岁儿童;(2)在信任判断中,陌生交往者的面孔可信度对7、9和11岁儿童的信任判断都具有显著的影响作用,即相对于具有不可信面孔的陌生人,儿童更愿意相信具有可信面孔的陌生人;此外,信任倾向对于信任判断的影响作用则存在一定的年龄间差异,7岁儿童的信任倾向对信任判断无影响,9和11岁儿童的信任倾向正向预测儿童对陌生人的信任水平,即相对于信任倾向低的儿童,信任倾向高的儿童对陌生人的信任水平也越高;(3)被信任方的面孔可信度在小学儿童信任判断中的影响作用要大于儿童自身的信任倾向的影响作用。这些结果表明儿童对他人的信任水平随着年龄的增长而提高;对于陌生人,小学儿童主要依据被信任方相关的可信特征线索做出相应的信任判断。 相似文献
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研究采用对偶选择的范式,通过两个实验考察了96名3~4岁儿童基于可信度特质的信任判断。研究同时测量儿童基于可信度特质(能干、友好和诚实)的信任判断能力和针对这些特质的好坏评价能力。结果发现:(1)信任判断的正确率在3种可信度特质间不存在差异。(2)在信任判断之后再进行好坏评价的情况下(实验一),4岁儿童信任判断的正确率高于3岁,在控制好坏评价能力之后,年龄差异依然存在。(3)在信任判断之前先进行好坏评价的情况下(实验二),则信任判断的正确率不存在年龄差异。这些结果表明不是因为好坏评价能力的缺陷,而可能是任务本身较重的认知负荷使得3岁儿童不能像4岁儿童那样自发地依据特质的效价信息进行信任判断。 相似文献
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以120名4~7岁儿童为研究对象, 采用改编后的对偶选择范式, 探讨儿童基于两种不同的可信度特质(善良和能力)和两个与信任有关的情景进行的信任判断能力。结果显示:(1)4~7岁儿童在善良情景正确判断率都高于随机水平, 而在能力情景中, 仅6岁和7岁儿童的正确率显著高于随机水平; (2)6岁儿童虽然已经具备依据可信度特质和情景做出正确的信任判断的能力, 但是在善意情景中的信任判断能力要好于在能力情景中的信任判断能力, 而7岁儿童在能力情景和善意情景中的信任判断能力则没有显著差异;(3)同时考虑两种可信度特质和情景时, 5~7 岁儿童的正确率高于了随机水平, 并且6、7岁儿童的正确率要显著高于5岁儿童。这些结果表明儿童到了5岁才初步发展出同时考虑可信度特质和情景进行信任判断的能力, 直到7岁这一能力才相对成熟和稳定。 相似文献
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在金华市和杭州市两所市区普通小学, 选取366名3~6年级儿童为被试, 采用同伴互评、同伴提名法和班级戏剧问卷, 考察了社会行为在小学儿童同伴信任和同伴接纳间的中介效应及其性别差异。结果表明:(1)总体而言, 亲社会行为、退缩行为在儿童同伴信任和同伴接纳间存在显著的中介效应, 而攻击行为的中介效应不显著;(2)社会行为的中介效应存在性别差异。女生的同伴信任对亲社会行为的预测、亲社会行为对同伴接纳的预测作用都显著高于男生, 使得女生亲社会行为的中介效应大于男生。男女生的同伴信任对退缩行为的预测作用没有性别差异, 但是男生的退缩行为对同伴接纳的预测作用显著高于女生, 使得男生退缩行为的中介效应大于女生。 相似文献
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采用投资博弈,以大学生为被试探讨关系认知(亲疏关系、阶层关系)和特质认知(以善意为例)对中国人人际信任的影响。结果发现,亲疏关系认知、阶层关系认知和善意认知都会影响中国人的人际信任。关系越近、阶层越高、越善意,信任水平越高。随着亲疏关系下降或善意降低,阶层关系对信任水平的作用之间的差异逐步减弱。亲疏关系认知和阶层关系认知存在交互作用,亲疏、阶层和善意也具有交互作用。人们对上位阶层的信任大于平位大于下位,但是当信任对象存在低善意特质或陌生人身份时,人们对上位阶层的信任会下降至和平位没有差异;当低善意特质和陌生人身份同时存在时,人们对上位、平位和下位的信任无差异。 相似文献
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被信任者社会身份是单一的还是多样的, 这种数量差异可以体现其社会身份的复杂性。本研究探讨了被信任者社会身份复杂性(单一身份、多重身份)如何影响人们对其可信性的评价。实验1考察了被信任者社会身份复杂性对其可信性的影响以及社会距离在其中的中介作用。实验2用于检验被信任者所属群体类型(内群体、外群体)是否调节他们的社会身份复杂性对其可信性的影响。研究结果表明:被信任者多重社会身份的凸显会提高人们对其可信性的评价, 社会距离在二者之间起着完全中介作用; 群体类型对社会身份复杂性的影响具有调节作用, 社会距离的中介作用在对外群体成员的可信性评价中更为明显。 相似文献
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The aim of present study was to examine the relationship between young children's peer‐reported trustworthiness and their school adjustment. Two hundred and eleven (103 male and 108 female) children in the United Kingdom (mean age = 6 years 2 months) took part in this study. Measures of peer‐reported trustworthiness, child‐rated school adjustment, and teacher‐rated school adjustment were administered twice across a one‐year period. Also, children's number of friendships, peer acceptance, and self‐control were assessed at Time 2. Multisample path analyses were conducted separately by sex. For both samples there were direct longitudinal paths between peer‐reported trustworthiness and changes in teacher‐rated school adjustment. For boys, the longitudinal path between peer‐reported trustworthiness and changes in child‐rated loneliness was mediated by peer acceptance, and peer‐reported trustworthiness mediated the relationship between self‐control and teacher‐rated school adjustment. Sex differences in peer‐reported trustworthiness also emerged: girls were rated as more trustworthy by their peers than were boys. The findings support the hypothesis that young children's trustworthiness contributes to school adjustment, which is due in part to peer acceptance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Linda Thunstrm Chian Jones Ritten Christopher Bastian Elizabeth Minton Dayana Zhappassova 《Journal for the scientific study of religion》2021,60(1):147-179
Trust, a cornerstone of economic development, is promoted within religions. In a randomized controlled trial, we examine how trust and trustworthiness vary across religions (Christianity and Islam), religiosity, and atheists/agnostics in the United States. Three novel findings emerge. First, Christians are trusted more than Muslims and nonbelievers, which is due to a Christian ingroup bias––Christians trust Christians more than they trust Muslims and nonbelievers, while Muslims and nonbelievers trust all groups the same. Second, religiosity matters to trust. Religious people trust those of higher religiosity more, but only if they are of the same religion. In contrast, nonbelievers trust people of higher religiosity less. Third, trustworthiness among nonbelievers is somewhat lower than that of the religious, especially toward Christians. We speculate that the lower reciprocity originates in the prejudice toward nonbelievers. Our results may help explain discrimination against Muslims and nonbelievers, given that discrimination often originates in distrust. 相似文献
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Ken J. Rotenberg Lucy R. Betts Manuel Eisner Denis Ribeaud 《Infant and child development》2012,21(3):310-322
A total of 1329 children were tested twice across 1 year (M = 7 years 5 months of age at Time 1 (T1)) in the Zurich Project on Social Development. The measures at T1 were corporal punishment, neighbourhood trustworthiness and children's trustworthiness (not lying/cheating and not stealing). At Time 2 (T2), children reported the promise keeping of their classmates, which, via social relations analyses, yielded evidence for individual differences in reliability trustworthiness. Structural equation modelling analyses confirmed that there was stability in children's trustworthiness as a latent variable. The structural equation modelling further yielded evidence that (1) corporal punishment at T1 was negatively associated with children's trustworthiness at T1 and negatively predicted changes in children's trustworthiness and (2) neighbourhood trustworthiness at T1 was positively associated with children's trustworthiness at T1 and positively predicted changes in children's trustworthiness. The findings yielded support for the hypotheses that corporal punishment negatively, and neighbourhood trustworthiness positively, contributes to the development of trustworthiness in children. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Onora O’Neill 《International Journal of Philosophical Studies》2018,26(2):293-300
AbstractTrust is valuable when placed in trustworthy agents and activities, but damaging or costly when (mis)placed in untrustworthy agents and activities. So it is puzzling that much contemporary work on trust – such as that based on polling evidence – studies generic attitudes of trust in types of agent, institution or activity in complete abstraction from any account of trustworthiness. Information about others’ generic attitudes of trust or mistrust that take no account of evidence whether those attitudes are well or ill placed can offer little or no help for those who aim to place or refuse trust well. Information about attitudes is evidently useful to those who aim to influence those who hold them, which explains why polls about attitudes are popular with political parties, advertisers and other campaigning organisations. But where we aim not to influence others, but to place and refuse trust intelligently we must link trust to trustworthiness, and must focus on evidence of honesty, competence and reliability. 相似文献
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From First Impression to Fairness Perception: Investigating the Impact of Initial Trustworthiness Beliefs
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Brian C. Holtz 《Personnel Psychology》2015,68(3):499-546
Evolutionary theory and neuroscientific evidence suggest that humans automatically infer the trustworthiness of others based on facial appearance. Building upon this knowledge base, this article presents three empirical studies that investigate the influence of initial impressions of trustworthiness on post‐event perceptions of justice. Across 2 vignette studies and 1 laboratory study, the results consistently suggest that pre‐event trustworthiness impressions exert significant indirect effects on post‐event justice perceptions. In Study 1 and 2, the effects of trustworthiness were mediated by individuals’ psychological state of trust and fairness‐related counterfactual thinking, respectively. In Study 3, the indirect effect of trustworthiness was transmitted through the psychological state of trust alone. The finding that initial trustworthiness impressions derived from surface cues (facial appearance) help shape subsequent perceptions of justice has important implications for justice theory and research. 相似文献
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Judging trustworthiness from faces: Emotion cues modulate trustworthiness judgments in young children
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Frances Caulfield Louise Ewing Samantha Bank Gillian Rhodes 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2016,107(3):503-518
By adulthood, people judge trustworthiness from appearances rapidly and reliably. However, we know little about these judgments in children. This novel study investigates the developmental trajectory of explicit trust judgments from faces, and the contribution made by emotion cues across age groups. Five‐, 7‐, 10‐year‐olds, and adults rated the trustworthiness of trustworthy and untrustworthy faces with neutral expressions. The same participants also rated faces displaying overt happy and angry expressions, allowing us to investigate whether emotion cues modulate trustworthiness judgments similarly in children and adults. Results revealed that the ability to evaluate the trustworthiness of faces emerges in childhood, but may not be adult like until 10 years of age. Moreover, we show that emotion cues modulate trust judgments in young children, as well as adults. Anger cues diminished the appearance of trustworthiness for participants from 5 years of age and happy cues increased it, although this effect did not consistently emerge until later in childhood, that is, 10 years of age. These associations also extended to more subtle emotion cues present in neutral faces. Our results indicate that young children are sensitive to facial trustworthiness, and suggest that similar expression cues modulate these judgments in children and adults. 相似文献