"逻辑"是否可以取代"仁德"?——答邓晓芒先生对儒家"亲亲"伦理的质询

“亲亲相隐”是儒家“亲亲”思想在有结构性限制或过失的亲属间贯彻仁爱精神,进而促使人格成长的文化与伦理选择。“亲亲”之仁在君统与宗统存在矛盾的宗法社会,是方法与价值相统一的,是人们正当的权利,本身具有增德向善的功能,并不逊色于苏格拉底所从事的哲学“批判”事业。相反,“逻辑”作为方法虽可有利于分析和澄清问题,表述思想,但因本身无价值方向、忽略人格成长过程,不能取代作为终极关怀的“仁道”的地位。如果单纯运用“逻辑”分析方法,抽去了人格成长和修养的内容,可能会得出“亲亲相隐”有腐败倾向的结论,但其也并不足以支持对儒家伦理的基本否定。今天对于象征中国文化之根的儒家伦理更需从积极的一面来理解。     

“仁”与“相人偶”——对“仁”字的构形及其原初意义的再考察

孔子创立了“仁”的学说 ,并将“仁”的最基本含义确定为“爱人”。汉字的意义往往同它的字形结构有密切关系 ,作为会意字的“仁”字即是如此。那么“仁”字何以能够表达“爱人”的意义呢 ?这就需要从字形结构入手来探求“仁”字的原初意义。而要深入地讨论“仁”字的构形和本义 ,就难以避开“相人偶”这个棘手的问题。近年来已有学者在这方面进行了深入的研究 ,本文拟在已有研究的基础上 ,通过对“相人偶”的进一步讨论来考察“仁”字的构形和本义 ,以期由此提供一种对“仁”的更深层面的理解。一考察“仁”字的初始意义 ,最常见的是引用许…     

论儒家仁孝关系的内在逻辑

儒家对仁孝关系的理论设定,秉持仁孝一体的思考方式与逻辑路向,把仁爱建立在血亲之爱的基础之上,仁的本然之源内在于每个人的爱亲之心,从而寻找到了仁的先验理据。孝既是仁的原点,"施由亲始",由爱亲扩大至广大地域的人际关系,进而将仁爱之心扩大到爱一切事物,所谓"亲亲而仁民,仁民而爱物",儒家的仁爱思想于是具有了普遍意义。并以理一分殊与体用关系来进一步阐释了仁孝之间的内在关联。从仁孝关系来思考美丽中国构建,根据儒家能近取譬、推己及人的致思理路,孝与血亲之爱可以构建家庭和谐之美、由亲亲而仁民可以构建社会和谐之美,由仁民而爱物可以构建生态和谐之美。儒家仁孝关系的理论从先天赋予人的爱心出发,把家庭、社会与生态之美有机地融合起来,构成了人我一体与人物共生的伦理图景。     

儒家“仁德”内在理路和逻辑层次

孔子以"仁"为核心建立了儒家的思想体系,使之成为中华传统美德最为核心的观念之一。"仁"是一种对人的生命价值予以肯认与培护的情感,这种情感基于人本性中的道德意识,同时其外推也蕴含着超道德的义涵。基于这种推扩逻辑,本文将儒家之"仁德"归结为立体的四个层面:"个体之仁"、"类性之仁"、"成物之仁"和"本体之仁",这四者之间有机联系、逐层升进,仁爱的对象分别是自我、人际社会、自然界和宇宙本体,四者之间的内在逻辑是仁德的推扩原则,这种推扩建基于仁爱之情的感通作用。     

“克己复礼为仁”的因果必然性及其现代意义

“克己复礼为仁”是儒家伦理的核心命题。孔子“克己复礼,的目的是让人们通过约束自己的言行举止回复到周礼所倡导的礼之内在精神和道德情感上,最终使人与人之间拥有理性的仁爱、使社会走向有序的和谐。“克己复礼为仁”的因果必然性在于周礼的精神实质与“仁”的要素组成都是敬、诚、忠、信、义等道德元素,因此孔子认为人们通过“克己复礼”可...     

"仁"的起源探本

“仁”是中国思想史上一个重要观念,但追究其原始内涵,则尚无精确答案。早在《说文》中,仁就有三形三义,究竟哪个是“仁”之本源字形？许慎放过了这一重大问题。但这里留下了“仁”的本源的疑难也留下了如此的线索。本文通过甲文中“尸”字,与夏商周沿习的尸祭之礼,揭示了许慎“仁”字“从尸”的原因,说明它是仁的原始正字。又从甲文中“尸”与“人”的区别,说明“从人二”绝非本源的“仁”的内涵,同时也说明了“从千心作”之仁乃是在“从尸”之仁含义上衍生之意。在这个基础上进一步指出“仁”的原始内涵不是横向的人偶相爱。而是悼亡哀死的纵深的内在心性;“仁”的源起早自夏商西周开始,而春秋时显要的人相偶爱的“仁”是“从尸”之心性之仁脱离尸礼后的推己及人;还借“尸”、“夷”假借,探讨了尸祭之礼和心性之仁的发明者或最重视的部族可能是东夷古族。从而辨明了思想史上并存的心性之仁、爱人之仁、以仁为心性三者哪个是本源,以及它们演绎的次序等问题。明白这些。对于我们认识仁的真相和地位,对于通过礼更深切著明地把握仁、孝关系及孔子儒家的思想源泉和体系,对于理解老子思想中舍仁取慈的实质等等,都有重要的意义。     

儒家哲学的人文意义

儒家哲学以“仁”为核心之概念。孔子以“仁”为诸德之首、诸德之全,一方面是为人格之养成建构一个足以涵摄道德实践意义的系统,“苟志于仁,无恶矣!”(《论语·里仁》)仁的意义几乎等同于“善”,而“善”乃人格成全之美善——唯有在人格得以满全的情况下,“善”的意义才可能彻底地被实现出来。另     

孔孟儒家的生态伦理思想

孔子和孟子生活于两千多前,那时地旷人稀,基本上不存在自然生态环境的破坏与保护的问题。可是,孔孟却从人与自然相依存的角度,阐发了“天人合一”的理念和“仁民而爱物”的仁爱精神,宋明儒接着更进一步提出了“天地万物一体之仁”的思想。此外,孔孟还有不少生动而具体的自然生态环境保护的言论。所有这些,都是孔孟儒家的生态伦理思想的基本内容,而且对于我们今天正确处理人文与自然的关系问题有着重要的启迪。     

“生”对儒家伦理的意义

“生”是儒家学说中一个很重要的概念 ,儒家的许多范畴和命题基本上都能从“生”中得到说明。只有正确理解“生”的内涵和意义上 ,才能准确理解“中庸”、“仁”、“忠恕之道”和“天人合一”的含义 ,也才能把握儒家重精神情操的思想特征和推己及人的行为方式。     

基督教和儒家之“爱”略述

儒家和基督教都提倡“爱”,但“爱”在二者中性质是有差别的。儒家主张“仁爱”,力求君民互爱,这是一种社会政治理想,追求充满“仁爱”的社会秩序。这种仁爱和爱神的关系不大。基督教要求爱上帝和爱人如己,具有“圣爱”性质。因上帝爱我,我也要像上帝爱我那样去爱邻人,人们彼此相爱是为了爱神。儒家的“仁爱”要运用一定的善恶标准进行选择,是将“小人”排斥在外的;基督教的爱具有极大的超越性,主张爱一切人。     

Seeing and hearing and space and space and time

A previous experiment had shown spatial location to be judged in terms of the framework provided by the modality in which stimuli were presented. In the present study, digits were either auditorally or visually presented, and in either form the three digits appeared successivly to the left, in the center, and to the right of the S. The digit which occurred temporally in the middle of the sequence was never central from the spatial viewpoint. The S was asked to indicate which digit was the middle one. Ss were blind, deaf, or normal. The deaf and two control groups saw visual displays, and the blind and their controls heard auditory displays. The former groups predominantly chose the spatially middle digit and the latter groups the temporally middle. It was concluded that modality of presentation was the trigger which switched in the coding dimension of time or space.     

Bob and Carol and Tess and Ali

Conflicting religious experiences in different traditions do not necessarily defeat the rationality of conflicting beliefs sustained by those experiences in those traditions. The circularity that protects religious beliefs from such mutual defeat is not vicious. Moreover, the lack of ‘epistemological humility’ exhibited by such believers poses no threat to world peace. In fact, a campaign for compulsory humility would itself constitute a much greater threat.     

Law and Gospel,and Youth and Family Ministry

Abstract : If “faith comes through hearing” the word of God comprised in law and gospel, how do the imperatives that characterize ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ make such hearing possible? Here, literature delineating ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ is analyzed in light of its biblical foundations. The primary lens implemented in this analysis is the law/gospel hermeneutic advocated by Martin Luther and other reformers.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Dance and psychotherapy--possibilities and limits

From a starting point of therapeutic and prophylactic components identifiable in the dance, the authors regard the dance as deserving of greater attention than was hitherto the case in programs of physiotherapy, psychotherapy, and sociotherapy. From the existing essays at a therapy basing on body and motion, they infer basic common points, and to promote discussion, they state their attitudes in respect of the potential and rank of the dance in the concept of complex multimodal psychotherapy.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.     

Perversion and infancy and adolescence

Abstract

Studying the works of Freud and Lacan, the authors carried out research on perversion in childhood. Their work covered the perverse polymorphism of infantile sexuality and the perception of the anatomic difference between the sexes that leads the child to create sexual theories and fantasies. The phallic mother and the fetish are viewed as imaginary solutions directly related to the Oedipus and castration complexes. In perversion, a particular position is taken in relation to the Oedipus complex: a serious flaw occurs in the symbolization of the law, and the mechanisms of denial and disavowal take form. Sexuality requires a second “logical time,” separated from infancy by the latency period, in order to confirm (in action) that a fixed position of jouissance (enjoyment) has actually been established. This can only happen in a period after adolescent enhancement. The distinction between perverse traces and a perverse structure is made, taking into account the fact that, in the case of child analysis, the analyst should free the child from the family fantasy and help him/her to build his/her own fantasy.

Campos Santoro V. et al. Perversion und Kindheit und Adoleszenz.

Im Studium der Arbeiten von Freud und Lacan haben die Autoren Forschung über Perversion in der Kindheit gemacht. Die Studien behandeln den perversen Polymorphismus der infantilen Sexualität und die Wahrnehmung des anatomischen Unterschiedes zwischen den Geschlechtern, welche das Kind dazu führt, Sexual-Theorien und Phatasien zu schaffen.

Die phallische Mutter und der Fetisch werden als imaginäre Lösungen angesehen, die sich direkt auf den Ödipus- und Kastrations-Komplex beziehen. Bei der Perversion wird eine besondere Position in Bezug auf den Ödipus angenommen; ein ernsthafter Mangel tritt bei der Symbolisierung des Rechts auf; die Mechanismen der Verneinung und der Verleugnung bilden sich. Sexualität erfordert eine zweite “logische Zeit”, von der Kindheit durch die Latenz Periode getrennt, um (in der Handlung) zu bestätigen, daß eine fixierte Position der jouissance (Vergnügung) sich tatsächlich etabliert hat. Das kann sich nur in einer Periode nach der adoleszenten Verstärkung ereignen.

Es wird die Unterscheidung zwischen perversen Spuren und einer perversen Struktur gemacht, in Rechnung stellend, daß im Fall der Kinder-Analyse der Analytiker das Kind von der Familien-Phantasie befreien sollte und ihm/ihr helfen sollte, seine/ihre Phantasie auszubilden.

Campos Santoro V. Perversión e infancia y adolescencia.

Estudiando los trabajos de Freud y Lacan, los autores han investigado la perversión en la niñez. Los estudios cubren la sexualidad infantil perversa polimorfa y la percepción de la diferencia anatómica entre los sexos, que llevan al niño a crear teorías sexuales y fantasías.

La madre fálica y el fetiche son vistos como soluciones imaginarias relacionadas directamente con el complejo de Edipo y de castración. La perversión, toma una posición particular en relación al Edipo; un fallo importante tiene lugar en la simbolización de la ley; los mecanismos de negación y repudio toman forma. La sexualidad requiere un segundo “tiempo lógico” separado de la infancia por el periodo de latencia, para confirmar (en acto) que una posición fija de jouissance (goce) se ha establecido. Esto solo puede ocurrir en un periodo posterior a la intensificación adolescente.

La distinción entre las huellas perversas y la estructura perversa se ha hecho, teniendo en cuenta que, en el caso del análisis de niños, el analista debe librar al niño de la fantasía familiar y ayudar a el/ella a construir su propia fantasía.     

神圣、凡俗与净明、忠孝

本文结合有关宗教学理论,对宋元净明道所推崇的"净明"、"忠孝"概念进行了解析.作者以为:宋元净明道视世俗性的道德实践为"神圣"的宗教修炼,实与宗教学中的凡俗可以"转换"为神圣之理论相合;而净明道徒的这种"转换",则多与其个体的"宗教体验"有关.至于元代净明道借"无极"概念来释"净明",以"净明"为回复宇宙根源之境界,则合于宗教人经验到与万物的根源、终极的本体或神圣的世界契合之感.换言之,宋元净明道的"净明"、"忠孝"说,实与各种宗教的本质有着相通之处.