关于短时记忆中范畴群集的定位实验

本研究通过对短时记忆的编码或提取阶段进行注意分散来探讨范畴群集的定位问题。以大学生为被试,应用双作业进行分散注意条件下的记忆实验,并与集中注意条件下的记忆实验进行比较。识记材料均为双范畴词表。结果表现无论在编码还是提取阶段分散注意,都导致范畴群集程度的降低。实验结果不支持认为范畴群集的组织过程仅仅发生在记忆信息加工的某一个阶段的看法,而有利于双重定位观点,即认为范畴群集既与编码阶段有关,也与提取阶段有关。     

AN ISLAMIC APPRAISAL OF MINDING THE GAP

The neglect of psycho‐spiritual needs of patients as they traverse the modern healthcare system has been a featured theme in medical literature over the past decade. This literature, which often highlights in‐patient palliative care, as well as acute and critical care settings, influences practice guidelines and protocols of doctors and nurses. In this essay, I review some of the pertinent issues raised in the literature and examine the validity of placing an ethical perspective on this issue. I also compare Islamic theocentric perspectives with secular, non‐theistic perspectives on restoring psycho‐spiritual care for patients. I then develop a framework for pastoral intervention based on aspects of the Islamic tradition and elaborate this framework by addressing clinical contexts and cases. The essay is an exposition based upon a review of the modern medical literature, an analysis of some of the traditional Islamic written sources, and the observations of the investigator, a practicing physician and an American Muslim.     

TIME AS A FACTOR IN A SPATIAL TASK*

Subjects drawn from a variety of populations were required to build simple models of geometric figures, pictures of which they were shown. The time taken to build each model was measured and its correctness assessed. It was found that it was probably erroneous to disregard time on the grounds that in certain cultures time has a relatively low social value when assessing subjects' performance. The best index of performance, the results tentatively suggest, is probably the ratio of the total time used by a subject to the number of correct responses. This offers a superior measure of the perceptual difficulties than either of the primary measures taken on its own.     

对弱电集中控制电站信号显示的工程心理学意见

电站中央控制室弱电集中控制方式是一项比较新的技术,具有经济和技术上的优越性。我们在有关单位的支持和协助下,从工程心理学的角度,对弱电集中控制电站信号显示设计,进行了一些研究工作,着重探讨信号显示方式对值班员的适宜性。部分实验工作是在弱电集中控制电站现场进行的,并选择强电电站(机组台数、额定容量与弱电集中控制电站相似)进行对比实验。此外,建立了模拟弱电电站中央控制室的实验室,进行现场的模拟实验。这里提出一些研究项目及有关结果。     

任务难度、决策培训诸因素对群体决策的影响

通过3人群体的人员选拔模拟实验。考察了任务难度、群体结构和决策培训三个变量对群体决策信息取样的影响。结果显示：(1)部分证明了Stasser的信息取样模型,分享信息具有讨论的优势,同时偏好是影响群体决策的中介因素,但是,该模型只适合于任务难度较大的情况;(2)设立具有信息管理作用的领导者这种群体结构在信息取样中没有表现出主效应,它只是通过与决策培训和任务难度一起对信息取样产生影响;(3)策略计划和信息警戒性的决策培训对信息取样有影响,一定程度上提高了非分享信息的讨论比例,然而这种影响仅发生在任务难度小或适中的情况下。决策培训对信息取样的影响发生在讨论的开始部分,并影响了讨论前的个体偏好;(4)群体结构和决策培训具有交互作用,从而影响了群体讨论的信息取样,群体结构和决策培训都受到任务难度的影响。     

FACTORS RELATED TO SUCCESS IN AN MDTA PROGRAM

A study was undertaken to attempt to relate selected defined factors to success in a Manpower Development Training Center program. Subjects were disadvantaged or culturally deprived adults who were referred to a nurse aide-orderly training course that consisted of both vocational and remedial education phases. Factors studied were an evaluation by the referring counselor in the stated interest of an individual taking the training, previous employment history (compiled by both type and duration), formal educational level, age when completing the course, expressed attitudes toward the course while enrolled, and aptitude test results.     

AN EMPIRICAL APPRAISAL OF THE PRCA FOR MEASURING ORAL COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION

Since 1970 about 80% of the research on oral communication apprehension has used one of two versions of McCroskey's Personal Report of Communication Apprehension. The original 20-item PRCA was introduced for the purpose of measuring apprehension beyond the traditional public speaking context. Although the PRCA-20 is reliable, some serious criticism of it has centered on its ability to tap interpersonal behavior outcomes. In an attempt to bolster its interpersonal applicability, five “interpersonally-oriented” items were added to form the PRCA-25. The studies reported herein demonstrate that both versions fail to possess sufficient reliable variance to be applicable to contexts other than public settings. In addition, it was found that the interpersonal items are a separate component of the PRCA, and as such, do not justify being treated equal in terms of additivity and, therefore, reduce the construct integrity of the PRCA.     

THE ROLE OF TASK AND CONTEXT IN PREFERENCE MEASUREMENT

Abstract— The present studies show that preferences change systematically depending on the global context and the measurement task Subjects evaluated apartments described by monthly rent and distance to campus using two different tasks (choices and attractiveness ratings) in two different global contexts (one with a narrow range of rents and a wide range of distances, and the other with a wide range of rents and a narrow range of distances) With the task held constant, preference orders for the same pair of apartments reversed in the two different contexts Similarly, with the context held constant, preference orders for the same pair of apartments reversed in the two tasks Taken together, the effects are startling Out of 25 apartments common to all four conditions, the preference rank of the apartment that was most expensive and closest to campus ranged from the 28th percentile to the 80th percentile We argue that, in the present experiments, the global context influences the scale values (or the perceptions of the attributes), and the task influences the weights (or the psychological importance) of the attributes.     

DYNAMICS OF CULTURAL IN-BETWEENITY: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY*

The Dialectical Theory of Cultural In-Betweenity proposes three main identification patterns among the black intelligentsia: Capitulation to the dominant culture, Revitalization of the indigenous culture, and Radicalization of both so as to arrive at a new and higher synthesis. Three scales corresponding to the identification patterns were constructed and a comparative study was conducted on two college samples. One group consisted of 45 Somali students being trained in the United States. The other group consisted of 57 Somali students being trained in Somalia. Specific hypotheses comparing the two groups were tested and mostly confirmed by means of various psychological instruments. Investigation into the component features of each identification pattern led to further refinement of the theory. Factor analytic explorations suggested the prevalence of distinct ethos, group reference, and self-image within each orientation. Capitalist ethos, elitism, and inferiority complex seem to be characteristic of Capitulation. Traditional ethos, race consciousness, and identity-rumination were delineated for Revitalization. Socialist ethos, class consciousness, and co-optation fears emerged as distinct components of Radicalization. The Dialectical Theory of Cultural In-Betweenity and the empirical findings are then discussed within the broad historical framework of colonialism and racism.