3、4岁儿童数数的规则及其策略运用的研究

数数能力是儿童用于建构其数学知识系统的重要工具,是儿童早期获得的最基本的数认知能力之一。本研究以234名3、4岁儿童为被试,采用个别测查法对儿童数数的规则及其策略运用进行了考察。研究发现：(1)随着数列数目的增大,3、4岁儿童数数精确性呈下降趋势,但4岁儿童在各项任务上的数数精确性显着高于3岁儿童;(2)3、4岁儿童在数7、10、15、30任务上的错误表现有显着差别;(3）3、4岁儿童数数策略运用存在显着差别．协方差分析显示。策略使用在数7和数10任务上具有显着效应。     

4-5岁幼儿数数行为的规则性与策略化应用特点的研究

本研究的主要目的是考察4-5岁儿童数数行为的规则性和策略化应用特点。研究选取了104名幼儿园中班儿童(年龄范围4-5岁),男女各半,采用现场实验法进行了逐一测查,测查任务为标准计数任务和数字复制任务。结果发现:4-5岁儿童的数数行为已经遵循一些数数规则,如固定顺序原则、一一对应原则和基数原则;但该年龄段的儿童还不会自发地把数数作为问题解决的策略应用于比较两组物体数目的问题上。     

学前儿童特质推理中的行为频次效应

以3岁、4岁、5岁和6岁组共150名儿童为被试,综合采用质的判断和量的判断两种任务,考察了学前儿童特质推理中的行为频次效应。结果发现,(1)儿童特质推理中存在"积极偏向",他们更倾向于对积极行为进行特质推理。(2)与低频行为相比,儿童更倾向于对高频行为进行特质推理。(3)6岁儿童开始使用—贯性行为和区别性行为进行特质推理,但更倾向于根据区别性行为进行特质推理。     

儿童行为与心理水平的特质推理的发展

选取4岁组、5岁组、7岁组、10岁组、12岁组儿童和成人共192名(各年龄组32名, 男女各半)为被试, 采用个别测查法考察学前和小学儿童行为与心理水平的特质推理发展。结果表明: (1)4岁时儿童已能进行行为水平的特质推理, 5岁时才能进行心理水平的特质推理, 即使用特质引发规则进行特质推理, 10岁时两者均达到成人水平。(2)4岁、5岁时儿童心理水平的特质推理显著落后于行为水平的特质推理, 至少7岁时两者处于同一水平上。(3)儿童使用概念相似规则而不是情境匹配规则进行行为预测。(4)4岁儿童不使用简单效价规则进行行为预测, 5岁及以上儿童使用简单效价规则, 但他们是在区分同一特质范畴和不同特质范畴的基础上、在较低的确定程度上使用该规则。     

儿童在回答无意义问题时的反应倾向与年龄特征

研究设计了无意义问题来考察5、6、81、0岁共128名儿童在回答问题时的反应倾向。研究结果发现:(1)5~10岁儿童在回答无意义问题时,存在猜测答案的倾向,且受问题形式的影响。较开放问题,儿童在面对封闭问题时猜测答案的倾向更强烈。(2)在无意义的非比较问题上,随年龄的增长,儿童猜测答案的倾向更强烈。(3)5~10岁儿童回答封闭的非比较问题时存在否定反应倾向,但在封闭的比较问题上则不存在这种倾向。     

父母-儿童共同活动中的互动与儿童的数学学习

本研究运用结构性观察方法对两组4岁儿童与父母在四种活动中的互动进行了分析与比较。一组儿童为书面数符号测查高分者,二组儿童为书面数符号测查低分者。85对父母一儿童对子参加了4个各有15分钟的共同活动,阅读、数学题、纸和积木,并完成一个微型问卷。结果表明,在这些活动中包含了多种数学知识学习和多种以父母为主导的互动策略;两组对子之间在数学事件频次上无差异,但一组父母更多地运用了一些积极策略,二组父母更多地运用了一些消极策略;二组中有更多儿童对互动表现出消极回应和注意力问题。两个组的父母在家中与儿童一起进行诸如阅读和做数学题的共同活动的频次与质量上表现出差异。     

儿童数概念发展的影响因素:表面相似性效应与标签效应

本研究主要考查表面相似性效应和标签效应对60名3～5岁儿童数概念发展的影响。实验通过等量匹配任务和数量比较任务测查儿童数概念的发展情况,其中等量匹配任务和数量比较任务都包括了一致和不一致两种条件以考查表面相似性效应对儿童数概念的影响,并通过给物取数任务、给数取物任务和等量匹配任务与数量比较任务的关系测查儿童使用数字标签的能力对儿童数概念形成与发展的影响。结果表明:(1)4岁和5岁组儿童完成等量匹配任务和数量比较任务的正确率显著高于3岁组儿童;(2)儿童在一致条件下完成等量匹配和数量比较任务的正确率显著高于不一致条件的正确率,表明物体的高表面相似性有利于儿童数概念的形成;(3)擅长使用数字标签的儿童完成等量匹配任务和数量比较任务的次数超过几率水平,使用数字标签有利于儿童数概念的发展。     

3~5岁儿童对假装的辨认和对假装者心理的推断

研究设置了三种条件：玩具条件、替代物条件和虚构物条件;测查了3~5岁的儿童对假装的辨认和对假装者心理的推断。结果表明：(1) 大部分3岁儿童就能辨认假装,但是对假装心理的推断到5岁才逐步形成;(2) 3~5岁儿童对假装的辨认和对假装者心理的推断还受支持物的影响;(3) 3~5岁的学前儿童主要倾向于从外部特点理解假装     

6～12岁儿童道德移情、助人行为倾向及其关系的研究

以124名6～12岁儿童为被试、以情境故事为材料的测查表明：我国6～12岁儿童均能作出移情反应和一般助人行为倾向反应,但8岁以上儿童的反应更为强烈和成熟;8岁以上儿童才能在自己也有困难的冲突背景下仍作出助人行为倾向的反应;6～12岁儿童的移情反应与其一般助人行为倾向反应有显著正相关关系;移情反应与冲突背景下的助人行为倾向反应的显著正相关8岁以上儿童才具有;个人、集体两类情境会影响他们的移情反应;人身伤害、声誉损害、财物损坏三种情境会影响他们的助人行为倾向。     

5～6岁幼儿加法策略选择及执行特点

以220名5～6岁幼儿为被试,采用个别测查法,考察了幼儿策略选择和策略执行的发展特点.结果表明: (1)5～6岁幼儿能运用多种策略解决加法算术题,包括5种基本加法类型与3种数数亚类型. (2)幼儿主要选择支持性策略. (3)5～6岁幼儿策略执行呈多样性特点,各策略的执行正确率与速度不相同. (4)题目难度对幼儿的策略选择与执行存在影响.     

计数与匹配:5~6岁儿童量比较策略的发展特点

选取56名5~6岁儿童,采用计算机呈现刺激的方式,实现了刺激的动态呈现来模拟策略的使用过程,并通过对于被试正确率和反应时的考察确定了每一名被试使用计数和匹配策略进行量比较的特点。结果表明:(1)与计数策略相比,儿童对于匹配策略的掌握更加成熟,5岁和5岁半组被试使用匹配策略解决量比较问题的正确率更高;(2)在已经掌握计数和匹配两种策略的情况下,仍有一部分儿童更倾向于使用匹配策略来解决量比较问题。     

数字线和离散物体任务训练对儿童整数偏向的影响

通过数字线任务和离散物体任务对81名拥有错误整数偏向的儿童进行干预,再进行分数比较任务,以考查不同干预对错误整数偏向的影响以及分数在心理数字线上的表征方式。结果表明：（1）离散物体组儿童在干预任务中表现较好,在分数比较任务中得分也显著高于数字线组儿童,但反应时要慢于数字线组儿童。（2）正确比较分数时,两组均出现正确整数偏向,但错误的整数偏向依然存在,二者在整数系统扩展到有理数系统这个过渡期同时存在。     

Defense use and defense understanding in children

This study investigated the relation between children's use of defense mechanisms and their understanding of those defenses. We hypothesized that, once a child understands how a particular defense functions, the use of that defense will no longer be successful and will be replaced by another defense mechanism that is not yet understood. Defense use was assessed from the Thematic Appreception Test (TAT) stories told by 122 children; defense understanding was determined from the children's understanding of stories portraying defenses. The results indicated that younger children (mean age = 7-8) used the defense of denial more than the older children (mean age = 9-11). Older children understood the functioning of denial and projection better than the younger children. A comparison of children who did and did not understand a defense showed that younger children who understood the functioning of denial were less likely to themselves use denial. Likewise, older children who understood the functioning of projection were less likely to use this defense.     

Early Developments in Children's Use of Counting to Solve Quantitative Problems

Two studies evaluated preschool children's use of counting to solve different kinds of quantitative problems. Three uses of counting were considered: (a) counting to quantify a single set, (b) counting to compare two sets, and (c) counting to generate a set of a specified numerosity. In Experiment 1, 3- and 3 1/2 year-olds tended not to count spontaneously when asked to compare two sets, even when they were able to count fairly well. In Experiment 2, 3 1/2 year-olds again tended not to count spontaneously on compare-sets and generate-set problems, although they did count readily on quantify-set problems; and the use of counting on the compare-sets and generate-set problems increased markedly between 3 1/2 and 4 1/2 years. These early developments may be important educationally because counting plays a major role in arithmetic learning.     

Counting in sign language

Do the visuomanual modality and the structure of the sequence of numbers in sign language have an impact on the development of counting and its use by deaf children? The sequence of number signs in Belgian French Sign Language follows a base-5 rule while the number sequence in oral French follows a base-10 rule. The accuracy and use of sequence number string were investigated in hearing children varying in age from 3 years 4 months to 5 years 8 months and in deaf children varying in age from 4 years to 6 years 2 months. Three tasks were used: abstract counting, object counting, and creation of sets of a given cardinality. Deaf children exhibited age-related lags in their knowledge of the number sequence; they made different errors from those of hearing children, reflecting the rule-bound nature of sign language. Remarkably, their performance in object counting and creating sets of given cardinality was similar to that of hearing children who had a longer sequence number string, indicating a better use of counting than predicted by their knowledge of the linguistic sequence of numbers.     

Using cardinality to compare quantities: the role of social-cognitive conflict in early numeracy

A key question in early number development is how 4- and 5-year-olds learn the roles that counting and cardinal numbers play when comparing quantities. Children who wrongly used length to identify numerosity were assigned to five experimental groups and trained to judge whether a puppet--who sometimes miscounted--created equivalent sets. Over three training sessions, children who were asked to compare sets after they were counted learned to base their judgments on cardinal numbers when the puppet counted accurately by being given feedback. However, only the groups who were also asked to explain either their own or the experimenter's reasoning made progress in identifying the puppet's miscounts. This ability to recognize the importance of counting accuracy for quantitative comparisons predicted whether children would spontaneously count to compare sets on a post-test. The importance of asking children to identify miscounts is discussed alongside the social factors that influence children's recognition of the relationship between procedural counting, cardinality and relative number.     

5～7岁自闭症谱系障碍幼儿数感的特点

本研究采用《幼儿数感测评量表》对26名自闭症谱系障碍（autism spectrum disorders,ASD）幼儿、20名智力障碍幼儿及32名正常幼儿进行数感能力测评,并比较三组幼儿的数感特点。结果发现：（1）ASD幼儿的数感整体和各维度水平均显著低于正常幼儿,但与智力障碍幼儿相当;（2）三组幼儿数感各维度水平在5～7岁之间无明显变化;（3）三组幼儿在数量比较、数量估算和大小比较的能力水平均领先于其他维度,而类比推理和大小推理均相对落后。另外,ASD幼儿和智力障碍幼儿的体积比较与大小推理、类比推理的能力较为接近,而正常幼儿的体积比较能力显著优于大小推理和类比推理。研究表明5～7岁ASD幼儿的数感能力整体落后于同龄正常幼儿,且数感各维度的能力发展不均衡、不同步。本研究揭示了5～7岁ASD幼儿数感能力发展的特点及需求,可为制定相应数感干预方案、促进其数学学习提供参考。     

The role of gesture in children's learning to count.

The role of spontaneous gesture was examined in children's counting and in their assessment of counting accuracy. Eighty-five 2-, 3-, and 4-year-olds counted 6 sets of 2-, 4-, and 6-object arrays. In addition, children assessed the counting accuracy of a puppet whose gestures varied as he counted (i.e., gesture matched the number words, gesture mismatched the number words, no gesture at all). Results showed that the correspondence of children's speech and gesture varied systematically across the age groups and that children adhered to the one-to-one correspondence principle in gesture prior to speech. Moreover, children's correspondence of speech and gesture, adherence to the one-to-one principle in gesture, and assessment of the puppet's counting accuracy were related to children's counting accuracy. Findings are discussed in terms of the role that gesture may play in children's understanding of counting.