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McGregor I Nail PR Marigold DC Kang SJ 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2005,89(6):978-996
Failure (Study 1) and attachment separation thoughts (Study 2) caused exaggerated consensus estimates for personal beliefs about unrelated social issues. This compensatory consensus effect was most pronounced among defensively proud individuals, that is, among those with the combination of high explicit and low implicit self-esteem (Study 1) and the combination of high attachment avoidance and low attachment anxiety (Study 2). In Study 3, another form of defensive pride, narcissism, was associated with exaggerated consensual worldview defense after a system-injustice threat. In Study 4, imagined consensus reduced subjective salience of proud individuals' troubling thoughts. Compensatory consensus is seen as a kind of defensive self-affirmation that defensively proud people turn to for insulation from distressing thoughts. 相似文献
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伍麟 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2009,30(17):25-27
20世纪70年代以来,临床心理学家精神药物处方权就一直成为西方学术界极具争议的问题.支持者们认为,赋予处方权能够充分实现临床心理学的社会价值,有利于临床心理学更具活力地向前发展.反对者们认为,处方权在具体实施当中不仅使培训成本剧增、加重患者经济负担,而且背离心理学的传统理念、增加职业风险与冲突,对于临床心理学及精神病学的发展都将产生负面影响. 相似文献
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Research examining the association between self-esteem (SE) and aggressive behavior in childhood has produced mixed findings. Some of the confusion may stem from the fact that researchers have relied on explicit measures of SE, thus conflating two distinct types of positive self-regard: secure SE (characterized by high levels of explicit and implicit SE), and defensive SE (characterized by high levels of explicit but low levels of implicit SE). The current study tested the hypothesis that children with high levels of defensive, but not secure, SE would engage in higher levels of aggressive behavior. Ninety-three children completed measures of both explicit and implicit SE. Teachers assessed children’s level of physical and relational aggression in the school setting. As predicted, there was a positive association between explicit SE and aggression when levels of implicit SE were low, but not when levels of implicit SE were high. 相似文献
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James O. Whittaker 《Political psychology》1997,18(1):165-179
Although psychological warfare was practiced to a greater degree in the Vietnam conflict than in any other war in history, virtually nothing has been published about it. Perhaps few wished to be identified with such activity, or it may be that security considerations prevented discussion of the operations. At any rate, the end of the Cold War has made it possible to take a brief look at a hitherto unknown (or undiscussed) subject. This article, however, does not make a pretense of being comprehensive for the whole war, but rather reflects personal observations during one brief period of intense fighting—the summer of 1966. 相似文献
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The defensive responses of roseate terns (Sterna dougallii) were studied during the middle of the breeding season when all reproductive stages (incubation, chick-hatching, chick-rearing) were represented, to determine the factors affecting levels of nest defense and whether terns responded differently towards a familiar versus an unfamiliar researcher. Defensive aggression generally varied as a function of researcher identity, time of day, section or location in the colony and nest density. These variables explained from 60 to 66% of the variation in defensive aggression. More terns mobbed one researcher with more dive attacks than the other researcher. Terns were more aggressive in areas where the chicks had just hatched and were most vulnerable. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
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Defensive pessimism: harnessing anxiety as motivation 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
In this article we discuss the strategies that people may use to cope with situations that are risky in that they present the possibility for failure and potential threats to self-esteem. Previous research has indicated that anxiety (Sarason, 1980) and explicitly set low expectations (Sherman, Skov, Hervitz, & Stock, 1981) may lead to performance deficits in these situations. Experiment 1 indicates, in contrast, that with a strategy called defensive pessimism (Norem & Cantor, 1986), individuals may sometimes use low expectations to cope with their anxiety so that it does not become debilitating. A second experiment further supports the contention that low expectations may help individuals negotiate risky situations by showing that interference with the defensive-pessimism strategy impairs performance. Subjects whose strategic construction of the situation was not interfered with do not show impaired performance. These data are interpreted as evidence that the effects of low expectations and high anxiety on performance may be mediated by the strategies individuals use when approaching risky situations. 相似文献
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William N. Robiner Kim E. Dixon Jacob L. Miner Barry A. Hong 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2010,17(4):301-314
After campaigning to be granted hospital privileges decades ago, new issues are emerging that are affecting psychologists’
hospital privileges. Some of the forces shaping hospital privileges emanate from within the field of psychology, where there
has been a movement to more closely examine psychologists’ competences. Other forces impinging on hospital privileges are
external to psychology, most notably the Joint Commission, which has promulgated new standards for hospital-based practitioners
across disciplines. This article discusses the effects of these new standards on the practice of psychology and describes
the findings of a survey examining how privileges are currently obtained and maintained within hospitals. 相似文献
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Lyndon G. Furst 《Journal of Research on Christian Education》2013,22(1):3-5
Why do some children convergently accept the faith of their families, while other children divergently reject their family beliefs? McClintock's qualitative analysis of 21 sets of parents and adult children found 12 of the sets to be convergent and 9 to be divergent. Convergent children tended to experience the church as warm and loving and their personality styles were cooperative and collaborative. Divergent children were independent and their religious beliefs were personal and individualistic. Implications for the home, school, and church are discussed. 相似文献
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Ruggiero ME 《American journal of psychoanalysis》2011,71(3):264-277
Sexualization is a defense mechanism frequently referred to in clinical psychoanalytic literature. Despite this, there is no research linking the theoretical nature of this observed phenomenon to social or neurobiological theory. This discussion paper proposes an interaction between social learning and neural maturation in the development of sexualized tendencies. When anxiety within peer interactions is alleviated repeatedly through sexualized behavior, learned associations develop. This explanation allows understanding and empathy for individuals demonstrating a broad spectrum of sexualized responses since such learning is argued to be functional within their historic social climate. 相似文献