疾病治疗与康复的自我效能模式及其意义

自我效能是指个体对其在特定情境中成功地完成某种活动的能力预期.患者的自我效能预期能以直接或间接的方式影响其行为表现和生理机能,从而影响到疾病治疗与康复效果.患者自我效能的形成与发展既受各种效能信息的影响,也受个体认知加工方式的影响.根据患者自我效能的形成与作用模式,可以采取不同的措施来提高患者的自我效能预期,发挥它在疾病治疗与康复中的作用.     

中国背景下自我效能感与心理健康的元分析

社会认知理论指出自我效能感对心理健康具有重要意义,但两者的关系在以往的研究中尚不一致。当前研究采用元分析技术分析自我效能感对心理健康影响的主效应,并重点考察各调节变量在两者关系中的调节效应。通过文献检索和筛查,最终符合元分析纳入标准的文献有117篇。结果表明,自我效能感与心理健康积极因素呈显著正相关,而与心理健康消极因素呈显著负相关。此外自我效能感与心理健康的关系受自我效能感层级、社会发展和性别的调节;而年龄阶段仅调节了自我效能感与心理健康积极因素的关系。以上结果说明,高自我效能感个体的心理健康水平更高,同时还要考虑年龄阶段、自我效能感层级、社会发展和性别在两者关系中的作用。     

集体效能研究述评

从20世纪80年代中期开始,国外自我效能的研究表现出从个体效能向集体效能的转变,集体效能是自我效能在集体水平上的扩展。在效能内涵和效能形成上,集体效能与个体效能存在着密切的相互作用,但在效能的测量上,集体效能又有着许多不同于个体效能之处,与个体效能相比,集体效能的研究在整体上还存在着明显的不足。     

大学生自我担当对道德困境下亲社会行为意愿的影响：自我效能感和预期自豪的链式中介作用

为探究大学生自我担当对其亲社会行为意愿的影响机制,采用问卷法测查了836名大学生的自我担当水平、一般自我效能感、预期自豪情绪和亲社会行为意愿。结果发现：大学生自我担当不仅能直接促进亲社会行为意愿,还能通过自我效能感经预期自豪的链式中介作用间接影响亲社会行为意愿,但自我效能感的直接预测作用不显著。研究发现为通过责任感激发和道德情绪培养来提升大学生道德水平提供了理论依据。     

政治技能与自我效能感对职业适应能力的影响——自尊的中介作用

本研究采用问卷调查法, 以492名高校大学生为研究对象,探索政治技能和自我效能感对大学生职业适应能力的影响及自尊的中介作用。结果表明：（1）政治技能和自我效能感对个体的职业适应能力有积极影响。（2）自尊在政治技能和职业适应能力之间,自我效能感与职业适应能力之间起着双重中介作用。     

教练型领导如何影响员工创新?跨层次被调节的中介效应

基于文化自我表征理论并立足于中国文化情境,本研究探讨了教练型领导对员工创新行为的影响以及个体传统性和创造力自我效能感在其中的作用。跨层次结构方程模型数据分析结果发现:(1)教练型领导可以有效预测员工的创新行为;(2)创造力自我效能感在教练型领导行为与员工创新行为的关系中起着完全中介作用;(3)个体传统性不仅正向调节教练型领导影响创造力自我效能感的关系,还进一步调节教练型领导通过创造力自我效能感影响创新行为的间接效应。本研究结果有助于打开教练型领导影响员工创新行为的"黑箱"并能够有效指导企业的变革与创新管理实践。     

失地农民自我效能感对其生活质量的影响

目的：探讨城镇化进程中失地农民自我效能感对其生活质量的影响,以探寻帮助失地农民提高其生活质量水平的方法与途径;方法：采用生活质量综合评定问卷和一般自我效能感量表对失地农民进行问卷调查;结果：失地农民的自我效能感对其生活质量有显著的正向预测性;失地农民的个体变量因素也主要通过自我效能感影响其生活质量的水平;结论：应努力提高失地农民的自我效能感,增强其提升生活质量的内在动力。     

榜样与自我效能感在个体观察学习中的作用

在个体的成长过程中,榜样的作用至关重要。个体通过模仿"重要他人"的行为举止逐渐变成自己的特质,或者是受到他们人格魅力的影响而力争向这些榜样学习。那么在个体的这种观察学习中,榜样是否起决定性的作用?除了榜样之外的其他因素(例如自我效能感)的影响又是怎样的呢?本文将会就榜样、自我效能感在观察学习中的作用详加介绍。     

跨界行为对创造力影响的跨层次双刃剑效应

本文从资源的视角,在团队和个体两个层面探究了跨界行为分别对团队创造力和个体创造力的影响以及中介机制和边界条件。采用多阶段-多来源的方式收集数据。研究结果表明在团队层面上,团队跨界行为会提高团队创造力, 但在个体层面上,员工跨界行为通过增加员工的角色压力对个体创造力产生不利影响。角色宽度自我效能感调节了上述关系,相比于角色宽度自我效能感较高的员工,角色宽度自我效能感较低的员工实施了跨界行为后更容易产生角色压力, 对个体创造力的负向影响更强。     

呈现方式、自我效能感和成就动机对FOK判断影响的研究

以英汉配对词为实验材料探讨了呈现方式、自我效能感和成就动机对ＦＯＫ判断（Ｆｅｅｌｉｎｇ ｏｆ Ｋｎｏｗｉｎｇ）的影响,被试是１４４名大学生。实验结果表明：（１）呈现方式、自我效能感和成就动机均显著影响ＦＯＫ判断等级的高低和判断的准确性;（２）自我效能感和成就动机在影响ＦＤＫ判断方面有显著的交互作用,成就动机对ＦＤＫ判断的作用受自我效能感影响;（３）被试的回忆成绩、再认成绩和ＦＤＫ判断准确性之间均有显著的正相关,表明客体记忆与无记忆之间有较密切的联系。     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Face aftereffects suggest interdependent processing of expression and sex and of expression and race

Bruce and Young (1986) proposed that functionally different aspects of faces (e.g., sex, identity, and expression) are processed independently. Although interdependent processing of identity and expression and of identity and sex have been demonstrated previously, evidence for interdependent processing of sex and expression is equivocal. Using a visual adaptation paradigm, we show that expression aftereffects can be simultaneously induced in different directions along anger–fear continua for male and female faces (Experiment 1) and for East Asian and Black African faces (Experiment 2). These findings for sex- and race-contingent expression aftereffects suggest that processing of expression is interdependent with processing of sex and race and are therefore problematic for models of face perception that have emphasized independent processing of functionally different aspects of faces. By contrast, our findings are consistent with models of face processing that propose that invariant physical aspects of faces and changeable social cues can be processed interdependently.     

Values and Beliefs of Vegetarians and Omnivores

Abstract

Following the claim by some anthropologists and sociologists that 1 symbolic meaning of meat is a preference for hierarchical domination (C. J. Adams, 1990; N. Fiddes, 1989; D. D. Heisley, 1990; J. Twigg, 1983), the authors compared the values and beliefs of vegetarians and omnivores in 2 studies conducted in New Zealand. They compared the full range of vegetarians and omnivores on right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, human values, and consumption values. The participants tending toward omnivorism differed from those leaning toward veganism and vegetarianism in 2 principal ways: The omnivores (a) were more likely to endorse hierarchical domination and (b) placed less importance on emotional states. Accordingly, the acceptance or rejection of meat co-varied with the acceptance or rejection of the values associated with meat; that finding suggests that individuals consume meat and embrace its symbolism in ways consistent with their self-definitions.     

Recognition of faces of ingroup and outgroup children and adults

People are often more accurate in recognizing faces of ingroup members than in recognizing faces of outgroup members. Although own-group biases in face recognition are well established among adults, less attention has been given to such biases among children. This is surprising considering how often children give testimony in criminal and civil cases. In the current two studies, Euro-Canadian children attending public school and young adults enrolled in university-level classes were asked whether previously presented photographs of Euro-American and African American adults (Study 1) or photographs of Native Canadian, Euro-Canadian, and African American children (Study 2) were new or old. In both studies, own-group biases were found on measures of discrimination accuracy and response bias as well as on estimates of reaction time, confidence, and confidence-accuracy relations. Results of both studies were consistent with predictions derived from multidimensional face space theory of face recognition. Implications of the current studies for the validity of children's eyewitness testimony are also discussed.     

颅内动脉瘤的诊断、治疗时机及方法

分析颅内动脉瘤各种常用诊断方法的价值以及治疗时机和方法,认为对颅内动脉瘤应该在准确、快速诊断的基础上,按照安全、有效、经济的原则进行治疗。     

Focus of attention and causal attributions of actors and observers

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that actors' and observers' causal attributions are a function of their focus of attention. In the presence of observer-subjects, actor-subjects made a choice among several art works in a supposed decision-making study. The experiment was a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design with the factors (1) source of attribution (actors, observers); (2) camera (actor videotaped, actor not videotaped); and (3) situational stability (stable, dynamic environment). As predicted by the focus of attention-causal attribution notion, it was found that actors attributed more causality to the situation than observers under normal circumstances, when the camera was not operative, but that videotaping the actor reversed the usual actor-observer pattern such that actors attributed less causality to the situation than did observers. Further, when the environment was stable, actors attributed more causality to the situation in the no camera condition than in the camera condition, while observers attributed less to the situation in the no camera conditions than in the camera conditions. Additionally, both actors and observers attributed more causality to the situation when the environment was dynamic than when the environment was stable.     

整合临床医学的必要性、可行性及途径——以睡眠呼吸暂停防控为例

长期以来以专科划分为主的医疗发展方式确实促进了现代医学的进步.然而,人是一个整体不应该被割裂对待.所以,这种医学发展趋势应该加以控制,否则必然会阻碍医学事业的健康发展.另外,如果只关注局部治疗想要取得突破已经越来越难.因此,整合临床医学势在必行.本文分别从阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的病因、临床表现(包括合并症)及诊断和治疗三个方面阐述了只有全面进行医学整合才能提高阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的整体防控水平.     

理论思维、工程思维、评价思维的界定与联系——谈对缺血性脑血管病临床实践若干问题的思考

理论思维是力求逻辑自恰、规避自相矛盾;工程思维是对逻辑地发现的属性进行非逻辑的复合;评价思维是虚体思维和筹划因素相分离所导致的思维方式。理论思维的成果必须通过工程思维付诸实践,评价思维是对实践的结果进行评价,评价的结果是对工程思维或/和理论思维的成果进行反思。对缺血性脑血管病实践中的理论思维、工程思维和评价思维的界定与相互联系进行探讨。     

Human Dignity and the Ethics and Aesthetics of Pain and Suffering

Inasmuch as unmitigated pain and suffering areoften thought to rob human beings of theirdignity, physicians and other care providersincur a special duty to relieve pain andsuffering when they encounter it. When pain andsuffering cannot be controlled it is sometimesthought that human dignity is compromised.Death, it is sometimes argued, would bepreferred to a life without dignity.Reasoning such as this trades on certainpreconceptions of the nature of pain andsuffering, and of their relationships todignity. The purpose of this paper is to laybare these preconceptions. The duties torelieve pain and suffering are clearly mattersof moral obligation, as is the duty to respondappropriately to the dignity of other persons.However, it is argued that our understanding ofthe phenomena of pain and suffering and theirrelationships to human dignity will be expandedwhen we explore the aesthetic dimensions ofthese various concepts. On the view presentedhere the life worth living is both morally goodand aesthetically beautiful. Appropriate``suffering with' another can help to maintainand restore the dignity of the relationshipsinvolved, even as it preserves and enhances thedignity of patient and caregiver alike.