心境一致性对大学生外显和内隐记忆影响的实验研究

以96名大一本科生为被试,采用120张情绪效价人物图片,运用加工分离范式研究心境一致性对大学生内隐记忆的影响。结果发现：（1）心境一致性效应不仅存在于外显记忆,而且也存在于内隐记忆;（2）心境一致性效应在外显记忆和内隐记忆上没有性别差异;（3）在心境一致性实验中,自然抑郁组被试可能存在外显记忆缺损。     

中学生心境一致性记忆的实验研究

本研究采用任务分离程序（DRM）和实验室诱发情绪的方法,通过2（抑郁组、正常组）×3（积极、中性、消极词汇）×2（回忆、残词补全）的多因素混合实验设计来深入探讨抑郁作为一个个体变量,对外显记忆和内隐记忆有何影响作用。实验1中首先考察了外显记忆中的心境一致性效应,结果显示存在心境一致性记忆效应,实验2中考察了内隐记忆中的心境一致性效应,结果表明,在内隐记忆中也存在心境一致性效应。     

外显与内隐记忆的情绪一致性效应

基于Yonelinas等双加工信号检测模型对再认记忆测验中外显记忆与内隐记忆分离的方法,以96名大学生为被试,考察了诱发抑郁与非临床抑郁状态下外显和内隐记忆的情绪一致性效应。结果表明诱发抑郁组和非临床抑郁组对抑郁词的外显记忆成绩显著高于对中性词和愉快词;对抑郁词的内隐记忆成绩亦显著高于对中性词和愉快词,且显著高于控制组对抑郁词的内隐记忆成绩。情绪一致性记忆效应在非临床抑郁个体和诱发抑郁个体的外显和内隐记忆中均存在。     

非临床抑郁个体内隐心境一致性记忆的意识加工和无意识加工的差异：一项ERP研究

以情绪面孔为刺激材料,采用改进的内隐知觉记忆测验任务,考察非临床抑郁个体在内隐心境一致性记忆的意识加工和无意识加工差异。结果发现：在150ms—200ms时间窗内隐记忆的无意识和意识加工过程存在重叠现象。在250ms—350ms时间窗个体就表现出了意识加工过程和无意识加工过程的分离现象,并且非临床抑郁组的无意识加工过程存在负性心境一致性记忆偏向。在400ms-800ms时间窗内,两组被试均表现出无意识加工过程中存在负性心境一致性记忆偏向。表明在250ms-350ms,非临床抑郁个体内隐记忆的无意识加工过程存在缺陷,表现出负性心境一致性记忆偏向。     

内隐和外显记忆的发展研究

采用Buchner等人（1995）提出的加工分离范式的修正模型,对内隐和外显记忆进行分离。结果表明：内隐记忆水平随年龄的变化不大．而外显记忆水平在12岁左右达到高峰;内隐记忆与外显记忆均不具有性别差异。     

尼古丁对内隐记忆与外显记忆的影响

胆碱是一种与记忆密切相关的物质,以往研究主要探讨不同胆碱类药物对外显记忆的影响,内隐记忆受胆碱影响与外显记忆是否相同仍存在争议。实验1采用词汇判断与词汇再认任务,比较内隐记忆与外显记忆在拟胆碱药物尼古丁的影响下,记忆成绩是否发生变化。结果表明,摄入尼古丁后,内隐与外显记忆成绩都有一定程度的下降,但内隐记忆受影响的程度更大。为进一步探讨尼古丁对两种记忆的影响,实验2分别在编码前与提取前摄入尼古丁,观察其对两种记忆不同阶段的影响,并使用ERP技术观察其中受影响的成分。结果表明,编码前摄入尼古丁使内隐记忆与外显记忆的概念加工都受到影响,而对知觉加工没有影响。提取前摄入尼古丁则对两种记忆的概念加工与知觉加工都产生影响,但是对内隐记忆的影响更大。上述结果表明,拟胆碱物质尼古丁对记忆影响的情况与实验任务较为一致,而与记忆种类关系较小。对两种记忆的影响不同可能主要源于两种记忆采用不同的实验任务导致,两者的生理机制有一定程度的重叠。     

认知疲劳效应对内隐记忆与外显记忆的影响

本研究通过比较内隐记忆与外显记忆受到认知疲劳影响的情况,以了解内隐记忆的自动化加工机制。实验采用被试内设计,使用词汇判断与词汇再认任务测量内隐记忆与外显记忆。实验结果发现,相对于控制组,疲劳组的被试在完成疲劳任务后内隐记忆成绩显著下降,而外显记忆没有受到影响。结果说明相对于外显记忆,内隐记忆更容易受到认知疲劳影响。内隐记忆虽然是无意识的认知加工,但是与其他自动化加工具有不同的特征。     

认知疲劳效应对内隐记忆与外显记忆的影响

本研究通过比较内隐记忆与外显记忆受到认知疲劳影响的情况,以了解内隐记忆的自动化加工机制。实验采用被试内设计,使用词汇判断与词汇再认任务测量内隐记忆与外显记忆。实验结果发现,相对于控制组,疲劳组的被试在完成疲劳任务后内隐记忆成绩显著下降,而外显记忆没有受到影响。结果说明相对于外显记忆,内隐记忆更容易受到认知疲劳影响。内隐记忆虽然是无意识的认知加工,但是与其他自动化加工具有不同的特征。     

形象度对图标内隐记忆和外显记忆的影响

记忆心理学领域大量研究证实了内隐记忆和外显记忆的ERP分离,且内隐记忆相比外显记忆在记忆容量、保持时间及稳定性上均有优势。实验记录了15名被试在内隐记忆任务与外显记忆任务中形象图标和抽象图标的行为及ERP数据。结果表明:内隐记忆中,形象图标的行为和300～500ms顶区差异波的启动量均显著高于抽象图标。外显记忆中,形象图标的外显记忆正确率显著高于抽象图标,而反应时无显著差异; 300～500ms额区的差异波,形象图标显著负向于抽象图标,而500～800ms顶区的晚成分差异波两者无显著差异。研究结果表明,形象图标在浅加工下进行无意识记忆具有明显的优势。形象图标与抽象图标在图形化界面语言的使用中一直存在争论,通过实验在行为指标与脑电生理指标上提供了量化证据。     

记忆编码策略对心境一致性记忆的调节作用

情绪对记忆的影响会受记忆编码策略的调节。本研究通过2个实验探讨编码策略对心境一致性记忆的调节作用。实验1和实验2均采用2（编码策略：提取练习策略、重复学习策略）×2（词性：消极词、中性词）的实验设计,分别探讨了不同记忆编码策略对普通大学生（实验1）和非临床抑郁大学生（实验2）心境一致性记忆的影响。结果发现：无论是被成功诱导出抑郁情绪的普通大学生,还是非临床抑郁倾向大学生,使用重复学习策略时回忆出的消极词均显著多于中性词,表现出显著的心境一致性记忆,而使用提取练习策略时回忆出的消极词和中性词没有显著性差异,未表现出心境一致性记忆。实验结果表明,记忆编码策略对心境一致性记忆具有调节作用,提取练习策略能够抑制心境一致性记忆。研究结果指明了心境一致性记忆的边界条件,并对非临床抑郁个体的学习与记忆具有重要的启示。     

Mood-congruent memory in depression: emotional priming or elaboration?

We investigated whether mood-congruent memory (MCM) bias in depression is a function of implicit or explicit memory. Implicit memory is taken as a measure of ease of activation, whereas explicit memory also taps elaboration. As expected, MCM bias was found in the explicit memory task but not in the implicit memory task. We believe this finding supports the involvement of elaborative mechanisms in MCM. In addition, memory bias was found with words related to depression but not with words denoting physical threat. Thus, the MCM bias in explicit memory was found to be specific to information that was congruent with depression rather than to all negative information.     

Implicit and explicit memory bias in depressed and non depressed subjects

Abstract

Two experiments were carried out to investigate a possible mood-congruent memory bias in explicit memory (free-recall test) and implicit memory (word-stem completion task) for positive and negative words in depressed and non depressed college students. A comparison of implicit and explicit mood-congruent memory bias should help to reveal cognitive processes involved in this effect. The results of both studies indicated that depressed subjects showed a memory bias not only on the traditional explicit memory task, but on the implicit memory task as well. The theoretical implications of these results are discussed.     

Effects of Level of Processing on Implicit and Explicit Memory in Depressed Mood

Recently, several studies have addressed the question of whether depression affects priming in implicit memory tasks. The main aim of this experiment was to assess the presence of a bias for negative information in explicit memory (free recall) and implicit memory (word-stem completion) tasks among subclinically depressed subjects compared to nondepressed subjects, using the typical levels of processing manipulation. The results of this study show the existence of a mood-congruent memory bias for both implicit and explicit memory in depressed subjects. The theoretical implications of these findings for implicit and explicit memory biases associated with depressed mood are discussed.     

Explicit and implicit memory biases in depression and panic disorder

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the presence of a bias for emotional information (panic-related, depression-related, positive and neutral) in explicit memory and implicit memory (by means of free recall and word-stem completion tasks, respectively) among depressed (N=20) and panic (N=20) patients. Three different encoding conditions (graphemic, semantic and self-reference) were used. The results of this study failed to show the existence of a mood-congruent memory bias for both implicit and explicit memory in these emotional disorders. According to the correlational analyses performed, differences among categories of emotional words meant less than the difference among various types of encoding and memory bias in order to differentiate among groups.     

社会认知具有更强的内隐性──兼论内隐和外显的“钢筋水泥”关系

采用Ｊａｃｏｂｙ的加工分离程序,对记忆测验中图片的社会性特征与非社会性特征的外显记忆现人隐记忆贡献进行分离,考察了对社会性信息的加工中内隐记忆的贡献是强于对非社会性信息加工的内隐记忆贡献,还是相反。结果表明：对社会性信息的加工中内隐记忆的贡献强于对非社会性信息加工的内隐记忆贡献。另外在本实验研究结果的启发下,提出了内隐和外显记忆的“钢筋水泥”结构性模型的假设。     

Unconscious memory bias in depression: perceptual and conceptual processes

Mood-congruent memory (MCM) bias in depression was investigated using 4 different implicit memory tests. Two of the implicit tests were perceptually driven, and 2 were conceptually driven. Depressed participants and nondepressed controls were assigned to 1 of 4 implicit memory tests after studying positive and negative adjectives. Results showed no MCM bias in the perceptually driven tests. MCM was demonstrated in 1 of the conceptually driven tests, but only for adjectives that were conceptually encoded. Results support the theory that mood-congruent processes in depression are limited to conceptual processing. However, activation of conceptual processes may not be sufficient for demonstrating mood congruency.     

Memory bias for threat in generalized anxiety disorder: the potential importance of stimulus relevance

Information processing models propose that anxious individuals are characterized by memory biases for mood-congruent threat information. However, evidence for memory biases in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) has been mixed at best. Given the heterogeneity of concerns in GAD, previous use of nomothetic stimulus sets may have precluded detection of memory biases. Therefore, in order to guarantee the relevance of the stimuli used, in the current study individuals with GAD each individually selected words that were of personal relevance to them. Using these idiographically selected words with 23 individuals with DSM-IV GAD and 23 non-anxious controls (NACs), results showed an implicit memory bias for threat words in individuals with GAD compared with NACs. Furthermore, there was additional evidence that individuals with GAD may also be characterized by explicit memory bias for threat words. The magnitude of group differences for explicit recall of threat words was similar to those previously observed in panic disorder. Limitations and future directions are discussed.     

Implicit memory and depression: preserved conceptual priming in subclinical depression

Depression impairs explicit memory but research on implicit memory is equivocal. Initial studies indicated preserved implicit memory, implying a depressive deficit in intentional but not unintentional forms of memory. Subsequent research indicated that conceptual priming is reduced in depression, implying a deficit in conceptual memory processes be they implicit or explicit. However, the findings with conceptual priming may be compromised by explicit contamination. The present study compared subclinically depressed and non-depressed participants on matched conceptual tests of explicit memory (category-cued recall) and implicit memory (category production). The implicit test was followed by a post-test questionnaire used to categorise participants as test-aware or test-unaware. On the explicit test, the subclinically depressed participants recalled less than the non-depressed participants. The results on the implicit test depended on test-awareness. Among test-unaware participants, conceptual priming was equivalent across the two groups, whereas for the test-aware, non-depressed participants produced significantly more priming than the subclinically depressed. This indicates that when explicit contamination is controlled, depression does not impair conceptual priming. The depressive dissociation between implicit and explicit memory is better accounted for by the difference between intentional and unintentional forms of memory rather than by the difference between conceptual and perceptual memory processes.     

Implicit memory bias for eating- and body appearance-related sentences in eating disorders: an application of Jacoby's white noise task

Jacoby's white noise task and an explicit recognition task were used to investigate whether individuals with eating disorders demonstrate implicit memory bias and explicit memory bias, respectively, for information related to eating and body appearance. Included were 33 women with eating disorders (seven with anorexia nervosa and 26 with bulimia nervosa), 29 with nonclinical eating disorder-related concerns, and 36 healthy controls. Results showed partial support for implicit memory bias but no support for explicit memory bias. These findings suggest that eating disorders may be characterized by relative initial automatic bias for eating disorder-relevant information but not by bias at later stages of information processing. However, previous studies have demonstrated explicit memory bias in eating disorders, which is inconsistent with this interpretation. Future research is required to clarify the precise cognitive biases associated with eating disorders.