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1.
Two complementary experiments analyzed the acquisition of text content linearization in writing, in French-speaking participants from third to ninth grades. In both experiments, a scrambled text paradigm was used: eleven ideas presented in random order had to be rearranged coherently so as to compose a text. Linearization was analyzed on the basis of the conceptual ordering of ideas and writing fluency. The first experiment focused on the effect of superstructural facilitation (in decreasing order: 1—instructional, 2—narrative, 3—argumentative), while the second experiment studied the effect of prewriting conditions: 1—scrambled presentation, 2—macrostructural facilitation, 3—ideas given in optimal order (control condition). As expected, scores in conceptual ordering and writing fluency improved through the grade levels. Students were most successful with respect to conceptual ordering in the instructional superstructure, followed by the narrative and finally the argumentative superstructures. The prewriting assignment also had the expected effect (control better than macrostructural presentation which, in turn, was better than the random order) but only with the argumentative superstructure. Contrary to conceptual ordering, writing fluency was not affected by the type of superstructure, although we did record an effect of the prewriting condition. The results are discussed in light of Bereiter and Scardamalia’s knowledge transforming strategy (1987) taking into account cognitive development and French language curriculum. 相似文献
2.
Ewa Bergh Nestlog 《Argumentation》2009,23(4):437-449
Most pupils become confident with narrative texts. However, studies show that pupils do not learn to master discursive genres
in a satisfactory way. Therefore it is important to study pupils’ written argumentation and to develop knowledge about text
production in an education that also highlights linguistic structures. The present article investigates written argumentations
produced by 10–12 year-old pupils. The aim is to investigate perspectives in the texts, and thereby catch the entire texts—their
content, function and form—and to relate text analysis to interaction in the classroom. The theoretical framework emanates
from the dialogical and triadic conception of language and text where ideational, relational and textual aspects play a central
role. In this article the focus is on the three perspective dimensions—relief, hierarchy and sequences—in one argumentative text written by a 10-year-old girl and the discursive practice within which her text is produced. 相似文献
3.
Nanon Labrie 《Argumentation》2012,26(2):171-199
Over the past decade, the ideal model of shared decision-making has been increasingly promoted as the preferred standard of
doctor-patient communication in medical consultation. The model advocates a treatment decision-making process in which the
doctor and his patient are considered coequal partners that carefully negotiate the treatment options available in order to
ultimately reach a treatment decision that is mutually shared. Thereby, the model notably leaves room for—and stimulates—argumentative
discussions to arise in the context of medical consultation. A paradigm example of a discussion that often emerges between
doctors and their patients concerns antibiotics as a method of treatment for what is presumed to be a viral infection. Whereas
the doctor will generally not encourage treatment with antibiotics, patients oftentimes prefer the medicine to other methods
of treatment. In this paper, two cases of such antibiotic-related discussions in consultation are studied using insights gained
in the extended pragma-dialectical theory to argumentation. It is examined how patient and physician maneuver strategically
in order to maintain a balance between dialectical reasonableness and rhetorical effectiveness, as well as an equilibrium
between patient participation and evidence-based medication, while arguing a case for and against antibiotics respectively. 相似文献
4.
Mika Hietanen 《Argumentation》2011,25(1):63-86
Through an argumentation analysis can one show how it is feasible to view a narrative religious text such as the Gospel of
Matthew as a literary argument. The Gospel is not just “good news” but an elaborate argument for the standpoint that Jesus
is the Son of God, the Messiah. It is shown why an argumentation analysis needs to be supplemented with a pragmatic literary
analysis in order to describe how the evangelist presents his story so as to reach his argumentative objective. The analysis
also shows why in the case of historical religious literary texts, certain demands are put on the analyst that are not normally
present. 相似文献
5.
6.
David Enoch 《Philosophical Studies》2010,148(3):413-438
Metaethical—or, more generally, metanormative—realism faces a serious epistemological challenge. Realists owe us—very roughly
speaking—an account of how it is that we can have epistemic access to the normative truths about which they are realists.
This much is, it seems, uncontroversial among metaethicists, myself included. But this is as far as the agreement goes, for
it is not clear—nor uncontroversial—how best to understand the challenge, what the best realist way of coping with it is,
and how successful this attempt is. In this paper I try, first, to present the challenge in its strongest version, and second,
to show how realists—indeed, robust realists—can cope with it. The strongest version of the challenge is, I argue, that of
explaining the correlation between our normative beliefs and the independent normative truths. And I suggest an evolutionary
explanation (of a pre-established harmony kind) as a way of solving it. 相似文献
7.
A. Francisca Snoeck Henkemans 《Argumentation》2016,30(1):81-95
In this paper, an argumentative pattern that is prototypical for the communicative practice of over-the-counter medicine advertisements will be discussed. First, a basic argumentative pattern for this type of advertisement will be identified. In addition, an overview of various types of extensions of this basic pattern will be presented. Finally, it will be made clear how combinations of the basic pattern and specific extensions can be analysed as the result of strategic choices made by the advertisers concerning the type of arguments that are advanced, the argumentation structure and the presentation of their arguments. 相似文献
8.
Zohar Livnat 《Argumentation》2009,23(3):375-386
9.
Laura M. Castelli 《British Journal for the History of Philosophy》2013,21(5):837-848
The paper analyses the argumentative structure of a difficult passage from Aristotle's Metaphysics XII 7 on the basis of a topos of sameness provided in Top. VII 1. In doing this the article gives an example of how Aristotle's treatises on dialectic can prove useful to understand what he says in his more philosophically committed writings. The article also shows how general argumentative techniques and more or less explicit specific philosophical assumptions interact in shaping Aristotle's arguments and how the distinction of these different factors can help us have a better grasp on Aristotle's text. 相似文献
10.
EUGENE J. MAHON 《The Psychoanalytic quarterly》2015,84(3):665-693
In this reading of Sophocles's Oedipus the King, the author suggests that insight can be thought of as the main protagonist of the tragedy. He personifies this depiction of insight, calling it Insight Agonistes, as if it were the sole conflicted character on the stage, albeit masquerading at times as several other characters, including gods, sphinxes, and oracles. This psychoanalytic reading of the text lends itself to an analogy between psychoanalytic process and Sophocles's tragic hero. The author views insight as always transgressing against, always at war with a conservative, societal, or intrapsychic chorus of structured elements. A clinical vignette is presented to illustrate this view of insight. 相似文献
11.
Dominique Guy Brassart 《Argumentation》1996,10(2):163-174
120 students in grades 3 to 7 (aged 8 to 13) heard an argumentative text and were immediately submitted to a free recall task. The results show that before grade 7, the subjects did not view the text as argumentative. The discussion centers on the relevancy of a prototypical argumentative schema in accounting for these findings. 相似文献
12.
Christopher C. Davoli Feng Du Juan Montana Susan Garverick Richard A. Abrams 《Memory & cognition》2010,38(5):555-562
Much of the reading that we do occurs near our hands. Previous research has revealed that spatial processing is enhanced near
the hands, potentially benefiting several processes involved in reading; however, it is unknown whether semantic processing—another
critical aspect of reading—is affected near the hands. While holding their hands either near to or far from a visual display,
our subjects performed two tasks that drew on semantic processing: evaluation of the sensibleness of sentences, and the Stroop
color-word interference task. We found evidence for impoverished semantic processing near the hands in both tasks. These results
suggest a trade-off between spatial processing and semantic processing for the visual space around the hands. Readers are
encouraged to be aware of this trade-off when choosing how to read a text, since both kinds of processing can be beneficial
for reading. 相似文献
13.
Jack Ritchie 《Synthese》2008,162(1):85-100
Structural realism is an attempt to balance the competing demands of the No Miracles Argument and the Pessimistic Meta-Induction.
In this paper I trace the development of the structuralist idea through the work of one of its leading advocates, John Worrall.
I suggest that properly thought through what the structuralist is offering or should be offering is not an account of how
to divide up a theory into two parts—structure and ontology—but (perhaps surprisingly) a certain kind of theory of meaning—semantic
holism. I explain how a version of structural realism can be developed using Davidson’s theory of meaning and some advantages
this has over the Ramsey-sentence version of structuralism. 相似文献
14.
Taeda Jovičić 《Argumentation》2006,20(1):29-58
In this article, I further analyze the notion of the effectiveness of argumentative strategies, introduced in Jovičić, 2001. The most relevant achievements of the theories of reasonable discussion and the theories of persuasion are called to mind with the aim of explaining the mechanism of the argumentative effectiveness. As a result, a procedure for evaluating the effectiveness of argumentative strategies is suggested. 相似文献
15.
Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent Sacha Loeve Alfred Nordmann Astrid Schwarz 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2011,42(2):365-383
This discussion paper proposes that a meaningful distinction between science and technoscience can be found at the level of
the objects of research. Both notions intermingle in the attitudes, intentions, programs and projects of researchers and research
institutions—that is, on the side of the subjects of research. But the difference between science and technoscience becomes
more explicit when research results are presented in particular settings and when the objects of research are exhibited for
the specific interest they hold. When an experiment is presented as scientific evidence which confirms or disconfirms a hypothesis,
this agrees with traditional conceptions of science. When organic molecules are presented for their capacity to serve individually
as electric wires that carry surprisingly large currents, this would be a hallmark of technoscience. Accordingly, we propose
research on the ontology of research objects. The focus on the character and significance of research objects makes this a
specifically philosophical project. 相似文献
16.
James Beilby 《Sophia》2002,41(1):19-32
There has been much debate in both theological and philosophical circles over the matter of evidentialism—that is, whether
an individual must augment or supplement their belief in God with evidences supportive of that belief. However, what has been
(for the most part) lacking is a discussion which endeavors to integrate theological and philosophical desiderata. In this
paper I will suggest that the framework for such a discussion can be found in the work of St. Augustine—in particular, in
the way he holds together his belief in the sufficiency and necessity of faith and his ample use of evidences for belief in
God. 相似文献
17.
Hugo Mercier 《Argumentation》2011,25(3):313-327
Expert reasoning is responsible for some of the most stunning human achievements, but also for some of the most disastrous
decisions ever made. The argumentative theory of reasoning has proven very effective at explaining the pattern of reasoning’s
successes and failures. In the present article, it is expanded to account for expert reasoning. The argumentative theory predicts
that reasoning should display a strong confirmation bias. If argument quality is not sufficiently high in a domain, the confirmation
bias will make experts tap into their vast knowledge to defend whatever opinion they hold, with polarization and overconfidence
as expected results. By contrast, experts should benefit even more from the power of group discussion to make the best of
the confirmation bias—when they genuinely disagree that is, otherwise polarization is again likely to ensue. When experts
interact with laymen other mechanisms can take the lead, in particular trust calibration and consistency checking. They can
yield poor outcomes if experts do not have a sustained interaction with laymen, or if the laymen have strong opinions when
they witness a debate between experts. Seeing reasoning as a mechanism of epistemic vigilance aimed at finding and evaluating
arguments helps make better sense of expert reasoning performance, be it in individual ratiocination, in debates with other
experts, or in interactions with laymen. 相似文献
18.
M. A. van Rees 《Argumentation》2006,20(4):473-487
This paper explores the possibilities for strategic maneuvering of the argumentative technique that Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca
(The New Rhetoric. A Treatise on Argumentation, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame/London, 1969) called dissociation. After an exploration of the general possibilities
that dissociation may have for enhancing critical reasonableness and rhetorical effectiveness, the use of dissociation in
the successive stages of a critical discussion is examined. For each stage, first, the dialectical moves that dissociation
can be employed in are specified, then, the specific ways in which dissociation contributes to fulfilling the dialectical
tasks that are associated with these moves are delineated, and, finally, the rhetorical gain that␣dissociation can bring in
the fulfillment of these tasks is discussed. Some general conclusions are drawn for research that aims at understanding the
potential of an argumentative technique for strategic maneuvering. 相似文献
19.
Lilian Bermejo-Luque 《Argumentation》2010,24(1):85-105
I propose a characterization of the dialectical dimension of argumentation by considering the activity of arguing as involving
a “second order intersubjectivity”. I argue that argumentative communication enables this kind of intersubjectivity as a matter
of the recursive nature of acts of arguing—both as justificatory and as persuasive devices. Calling attention to this feature
is a way to underline that argumentative discourses represent the explicit part of a dynamic activity, “a mechanism of rational
validation”, as Rescher (Dialectics. A controversy oriented approach to the theory of knowledge. SUNY Press, Albany, 1977) showed, which is a practice that presupposes the possibility of attaining objectivity. 相似文献
20.
Jens Herlth 《Studies in East European Thought》2011,63(4):267-278
The essay examines Stanisław Brzozowski’s ideas on mutual interactions between the sphere of culture and the realm of the
political. It shows how Brzozowski made use of literary texts in order to elucidate social and political processes. In doing
so, he insisted on a specific form of knowledge accessible through texts of literature and literary criticism, which are not
limited by the mere “logic of notions.” Following Vico and Sorel Brzozowski detected an “irrational core” at the bases of
human collectivities such as above all modern nations, and it is through literature that this core can be revealed. Brzozowski’s
understanding of political ideas and concepts is informed—to a decisive degree—by the literary imagination. This can be shown
by a semantic and rhetorical analysis of some of his later writings. 相似文献