共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Abstract The cathodoluminescence mode in the scanning electron microscope has been used to image bands of dislocations in zinc oxide. It has been shown that dislocations lying on pyramidal, {1012}, planes are generated beneath indentations on {0001} surfaces. Basal plane dislocations lying parallel to the surface are also observed. Indentations on {1100} prismatic surfaces result in slip on {0001} and {0110} planes. 相似文献
2.
Magnesium oxide (MgO) films and particles have been collected by pressurised filtration of a Mg-8.6wt%Al-0.67wt%Zn (AZ91D) alloy melt. The morphology of the oxides and their interfaces with the α-Mg phase were investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the oxide films consisted of large numbers of sub-micrometre-sized MgO particles, and that melt shearing can effectively break up the oxide films and disperse the oxide particles. For the first time, orientation relationships (ORs) of OR I: [1?1?1]MgO~2° from (0?0?0?1)α-Mg and (0?1?1)MgO?//[2?1?1?0)α-Mg; and OR II: (1?1?1)MgO//(1?1?0?1)α-Mg and [0?1?1]MgO//[1?2?1?1]α-Mg, were observed between the MgO particles and the α-Mg matrix. The calculated Bramfitt planar disregistries were 5.5% and 2.5% for the two ORs, respectively, indicating good lattice matching between MgO and α-Mg at the interface. With the evidence of grain refinement effect observed in the sheared AZ91D magnesium alloy, the possibility of MgO particles to act as potent nucleants for heterogeneous nucleation of α-Mg grains is discussed in terms of the crystallographic criterion. 相似文献
3.
Abstract Transmission electron microscope observations have been made of dislocations in Ga0·7Al0·3As after indentation of (001) surfaces at room temperature. Using two-beam imaging, in bright-field and weak-beam imaging, dissociated dislocations with extended stacking faults were observed both in the [110] and [110] directions. This is different from GaAs in which dissociated dislocations are seen in only one of these directions. These results are compared with published work on indented GaAs and considered in the light of possible mechanisms. 相似文献
4.
Y. Z. Liu H. T. Yuan Z. Q. Zeng X. L. Du X. D. Han Q. K. Xue 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2013,93(9):687-693
Transmission electron microscopy has been used to investigate the (1100) and (1103) inversion domain boundaries in a ZnO film prepared by molecular beam epitaxy. The inversion domain was revealed by dark-field images and confirmed by convergent-beam electron diffraction. Interacting with a (0002) stacking fault, the inversion domain boundary in the (1100) plane alters its orientation from the [0001] direction and climbs on the (1103) plane to release the strain energy. These features are characterized and analysed by high-resolution electron microscopy and the geometric phase method. The findings are significant for understanding the formation and propagation of inverse domain boundaries in epitaxial ZnO films. 相似文献
5.
Wenchao Yang Xiaofei Sheng Qian Zhang Lanping Huang 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2013,93(2):150-160
In this study, the precipitate characteristics and selected area diffraction patterns (SADP) of the β?′ and Q?′ precipitates formed at the over-aged state of Al–Mg–Si–Cu alloys are systematically investigated by means of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and transition matrix. The β?′ precipitates have two cross-sections, rectangle-shaped and round-shaped aligned with [0?0?1]Al direction, but only rectangle-shaped cross-section exists for Q?′ precipitates. And, both of them have 12 variants and orientations with Al matrix. However, there are only three different zone axes, [0?0?0?1]β?′, [1?4?5?0]β?′, and [5?4?1?0]β?′ for β?′ precipitates, and [0?0?0?1]Q?′, [1?4?5?0]Q?′, and [3?2 1?0]Q?′ for Q?′ precipitates, parallel to the [0?0?1]Al direction when they are precipitated from the Al matrix, respectively. Then, a new [0?0?1]Al SADP model, which superposes diffraction patterns of the β?′ and Q?′ precipitates, is established. Furthermore, some “cross-shaped” diffraction streaks appeared at over-aged state can be explained reasonably by this model, which is good in agreement with the experimental data. 相似文献
6.
Let A be an algebra. We say that the functions f 1, . . . , f m : A n ?? A are algebraic on A provided there is a finite system of term-equalities ${{\bigwedge t_{k}(\overline{x}, \overline{z}) = s_{k}(\overline{x}, \overline{z})}}$ satisfying that for each ${{\overline{a} \in A^{n}}}$ , the m-tuple ${{(f_{1}(\overline{a}), \ldots , f_{m}(\overline{a}))}}$ is the unique solution in A m to the system ${{\bigwedge t_{k}(\overline{a}, \overline{z}) = s_{k}(\overline{a}, \overline{z})}}$ . In this work we present a collection of general tools for the study of algebraic functions, and apply them to obtain characterizations for algebraic functions on distributive lattices, Stone algebras, finite abelian groups and vector spaces, among other well known algebraic structures. 相似文献
7.
Abstract High-resolution transmission electron microscopy has been used to image the atomic structure of the (2S2)γ austenite-martensite interface. By imaging along [101]γ ∥[111]α, the interface was viewed edge-on and seen to consist of facets on the close-packed (111)γ, planes. From the correspondence of atoms in the close-packed planes across the austenite-martensite interface, the magnitude of the shear can be analysed as (a/24)<112> on every close-packed plane in the plane of projection. Comparison with theory indicates that this is an (a/12)<112> Burgers vector out of the plane of projection. Hence, each atomic facet can be viewed as a structural ledge containing an (a/12)<112> transformation dislocation. 相似文献
8.
K. Edagawa 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2013,93(3):107-114
Abstract X-ray powder diffraction spectra have been measured for melt-spun Al-Si–Mn, Al-Cu–Fe and Al-Li–Cu and Bridgman-grown Al-Li-Cu quasicrystals to investigate the phason strain frozen during the solidification process. For the melt-spun samples, most of the peaks have a shoulder or a tail which is attributed to the anisotropic linear phason strain. The peak shapes for the three melt-spun samples are essentially the same, which indicate that the same type of linear phason is quenched in these samples. In contrast, symmetric peak shapes without shoulders nor tails are seen for the Bridgman-grown Al-Li–Cu, indicating that it contains little linear phason strain. Our findings are discussed with respect to the three linear phason models which can be derived by degradation of the symmetry from ideal icosahedral group m35 to its maximal subgroups 3m, m3 and 5m. Of these three, the model for 3m reproduces best the observed shapes and widths of the peaks. 相似文献
9.
Abstract Dislocation structure and planar faults have been examined in MoSi2 single crystals deformed at high temperatures. Pure stacking faults were found in a crystal deformed at 900°C. The formation of the stacking fault is closely related to the phase stability of the C11b and C40 ordered structures. Profuse stacking faults with increasing deformation temperature assist the ductility improvement of the MoSi2 above about 1200°C. The critical resolved shear stress for {110}(331) and {013}(331) slip is determined in the temperature range 1000 to 1500°C. 相似文献
10.
Extant reward surveys and item preferences assessments have shown to be a reliable mode of ascertaining potential reinforcers for various populations; however, many are outdated and may comprise of items or rewards that contemporary populations may not value. The purpose of this research is to extend upon the Houlihan, Jesse, Levine, and Sombke (1991) Survey of Rewards for Teens (SORT) and assess whether there is evidence of a potential, generational shift in reward preferences in high school students from 1991 to 2016. This inquiry is of particular importance to behavior analysts due to the idiosyncratic nature of reward preference, a tendency for rewards to shift over time, and the salient role played by rewards in behavior therapy programs. Results suggest that the reward preferences of contemporary high school students differ when compared to the sample of adolescents in Houlihan et al. (1991) study. In addition, a proposed revision of the SORT is provided, whose development was derived based on the resulting component structure from a principal components analysis (PCA) and inspection of component psychometric properties. 相似文献
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Dr. Ithamar Theodor 《亚洲哲学》2007,17(2):109-125
This paper offers a literary and ideological deconstruction of the Bhāgavata Purā[ndot]a; it traces the Purā[ndot]a's formation through the convergence of the Vedāntin, the Aesthetic and the Vai[sdot][ndot]ava traditions, and argues that it is the doctrine of Pari[ndot]āma which underlies the treatise. I first examine the Bhāgavata Purā[ndot]a's literary components; the roots of these are traced back historically to the Vedānta and ālvār traditions, and the Bhāgavata Purā[ndot]a's nature as an opus universale, representing an all Indian cultural ‘melting pot’, is highlighted. The paper then looks at the relations of Vai[sdot][ndot]avism and dramaturgy, both historically as well as theologically, and argues that the Bhāgavata Purā[ndot]a was traditionally read as a drama. It proceeds to decipher the aesthetic theory underlying the Bhāgavata Purā[ndot]a, and argues that it is Bharata's dramaturgical rasa theory. Within the rasa tradition, Abhinavagupta's and Bhoja's positions are highlighted and compared through three seminal points and it becomes apparent that the Bhāgavata Purā[ndot]a's underlying aesthetic theory is close to the Pari[ndot]āma doctrine of Bhoja where ?[rdot][ndot]gāra is considered to be the supreme rasa. As Bhoja's date is no doubt later than the Bhāgavata Purā[ndot]a's it is assumed that the Bhāgavata Purā[ndot]a was influenced by one of Bhoja's predecessors. The paper ends by reinforcing this analysis by highlighting a later tradition which had actually accepted this point of view and that is the Gau[ddot]iya Vai[sdot][ndot]ava tradition. 相似文献
13.
The present study extended the effort–reward imbalance (ERI) model (Siegrist, 1996b), first by differentiating between separate reward components, second by including intrinsic reward, and third by additionally predicting a non-health outcome (i.e., turnover intention) in a military context. Regression analyses of 789 reservists found financial and esteem reward to moderate the impact of extrinsic effort on depressive symptoms, whereas only financial reward moderated the effort turnover intentions relationship. Results supported the usefulness of the extended ERI model in the military context. Relevant areas for future research on the military effort–reward perspective are discussed. 相似文献
14.
Howard A. Paul 《Child & family behavior therapy》2013,35(4):318-325
ABSTRACTParent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is a manualized behavioral intervention originally developed by Eyberg (1988) to address disruptive behaviors in young children. Although previous research findings support the contention that components of PCIT would positively impact communication, behavior, and adaptive skills (Howard, Sparkman, Cohen, Green, &; Stanislaw, 2005; Lovaas, 1987; Remington et al., 2007) in children with developmental disabilities, few studies are shown in the literature. In a modified version of PCIT, caregivers completed two phases of intervention with their child diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). During the Child-Directed Interaction (CDI) phase, caregivers were taught to conduct mand training, follow-their child’s lead, provide attention for their child’s positive behaviors, and ignore their child’s negative behaviors. During the Parent-Directed Interaction (PDI) phase, caregivers were taught to give effective commands and follow through with demands. The goal of the current study was to determine whether children’s production of vocalizations increased after participation in a modified PCIT program. Data from two participants diagnosed with autism were included in the study. Outcomes of these two case studies show that both children displayed an increase in the total number of vocalizations emitted in the posttreatment observation relative to baseline. Additionally, caregivers of both participants displayed an increased number of positive behaviors in the posttreatment observation relative to baseline. 相似文献
15.
《The Journal of social psychology》2012,152(6):665-669
ABSTRACT According to terror management theory (TMT; Greenberg, Pyszczynski, 1986), self-esteem protects people from anxiety associated with the knowledge of certain mortality. A number of studies provide evidence consistent with this assertion, but no studies have experimentally examined the effect of threatened self-esteem on death-anxiety. In the current study, self-esteem was manipulated and death-anxiety measured. A self-esteem threat increased death-anxiety relative to a self-esteem boost and non-self threat control condition. 相似文献
16.
《The Journal of social psychology》2012,152(5):485-502
ABSTRACT Students' inclination to apply for a job was examined as a function of (1) the wording of the desired candidate's profile specified in the employment advertisement and (2) applicant gender. Previous research found that women are more inclined than men to apply for jobs that include a profile corresponding to their gender (i.e., a profile containing prototypically feminine instead of masculine personal characteristics). Based on Fiedler and Semin's (1996) Linguistic Category Model, we expected that this effect would decrease if the desired profile was worded in terms of behaviors/verbs instead of nouns/adjectives. ANOVA supported this reasoning for women but not for men. We conclude that organizations may increase the number of women applying for particular jobs by changing the presentation form of the advertisement. 相似文献
17.
The novel notion of importing logics is introduced, subsuming as special cases several kinds of asymmetric combination mechanisms, like temporalization [8, 9], modalization [7] and exogenous enrichment [13, 5, 12, 4, 1]. The graph-theoretic approach proposed in [15] is used, but formulas are identified with irreducible paths in the signature multi-graph instead of equivalence classes of such paths, facilitating proofs involving inductions on formulas. Importing is proved to be strongly conservative. Conservative results follow as corollaries for temporalization, modalization and exogenous enrichment. 相似文献
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《European Journal of Developmental Psychology》2013,10(3):326-337
The study examined whether the four constructs of forgivingness found in adults—propensity to lasting resentment, sensitivity to circumstances, willingness to forgive, and willingness to avenge—were already in place among adolescents. It also examined the differences in propensity to forgive and related constructs between young adolescents and older adolescents. More than 500 adolescents (124 sixth graders, 170 seventh graders, 135 eighth graders, and 78 ninth graders) were presented with a slightly modified version of the Forgivingness Scale (Mullet, Barros, Frongia, Usai, Neto, & Rivière-Shafighi, 2003). The same four-factor structure that was found among adults was also found among adolescents. Scores regarding sensitivity to circumstances and willingness to forgive were lower among older adolescents than among younger adolescents. Scores regarding lasting resentment and willingness to avenge were higher among older adolescents than among younger adolescents. 相似文献
20.
In a famous study of expert problem solving, de Groot (1946/1978) examined how chess players found the best move. He reported that there was little difference in the way that the best players (Grand Masters) and very good players (Candidate Masters) searched the board. Although this result has been regularly cited in studies of expertise, it is frequently misquoted. It is often claimed that de Groot found no difference in the way that experts and novices investigate a problem. Comparison of expert and novice chess players on de Groot's problem shows that there are clear differences in their search patterns. We discuss the troublesome theoretical and practical consequences of incorrectly reporting de Groot's findings. 相似文献