Effects of crystallization on corrosion resistance and electron work function of Zr65Al7.5Cu17.5Ni10 amorphous alloys

The effects of crystallization on the electron work function and corrosion resistance of Zr₆₅Al_7.5Cu_17.5Ni₁₀ amorphous alloys have been studied. The single-phase amorphous alloy exhibits a better corrosion resistance and has a higher work function than the partially and fully crystallized alloys with the same composition. The close relationship between corrosion resistance and work function indicates that the Kelvin probe technique can be a powerful tool for characterizing the corrosion behaviour of amorphous alloy on an electronic level.     

Psychoanalytic training and its effect on the candidate's clinical work

This paper explores the effects of the psychoanalytic candidate's role, supervision, training analysis, office setting, and emerging professional identity on his clinical work. The strains associated with institute candidacy and how these may be perceived by patients are explored. The author suggests that further study of the process of becoming an analyst could ultimately improve training.     

Moderating effect of situational strength on the relationship between personality traits and counterproductive work behaviour

The present study investigated the extent to which the strength of situations moderates the relations between personality traits and counterproductive work behaviour (CWB). It was hypothesized that the relations between personality traits and CWB would vary across strong and weak situations. In addition, there would be an interaction between conscientiousness and agreeableness in predicting CWB. As predicted, the results showed that the effect of personality on CWB depended on the strength of situations. The results also indicated that, in a weak situation only, conscientiousness has a stronger, negative relation to CWB when agreeableness is low than when agreeableness is high.     

The effect of state core self-evaluations on task performance,organizational citizenship behaviour,and counterproductive work behaviour

Although the personality–performance relationship has been studied extensively, most studies focused on the relationship between between-person differences in the Big Five personality dimensions and between-person differences in job performance. The current paper extends this research in two ways. First, we build on core self-evaluations (CSEs): an alternative, broad personality dimension that has proven to be a good predictor of job performance. Second, we tested concurrent and lagged within-person relationships between CSEs and task performance, organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB), and counterproductive work behaviour (CWB). To this end, we conducted two experience sampling studies; the first one assessing the relationship between state CSEs and levels of momentary task performance and OCB, and a second study in which employees reported on their level of state CSEs and momentary CWB. Results showed that there is substantial within-person variability in CSEs and that these within-person fluctuations relate to within-person variation in task performance, OCB, and CWB towards the organization, and CWB towards the individual. Moreover, CSEs prospectively predicted within-person differences in task performance and CWB towards the organization, whereas the reversed effect did not hold. These findings tentatively suggest that state CSEs predict performance, rather than the other way around.     

Make it to work (and back home) safely: the effect of psychological work stressors on employee behaviour while commuting by car

Despite empirical data suggesting that commuting accidents are a major problem worldwide, research on employee behaviour while commuting by car is scant. In particular, our understanding of the antecedents of unsafe commuting behaviour is limited mainly to demographic variables and work-related physical stressors. Our study addressed this lacuna by investigating the association between work-related psychological stressors and unsafe commuting behaviour. In addition, we developed and validated a scale for measuring commuting norms and considered the permissiveness of these norms as a mediator in the stressor-commuting behaviour association. The results, based on data collected from 216 employees in a large manufacturing plant at 2 points in time, indicated that abusive supervision and work–family conflict were both positively related to unsafe commuting behaviour, and that the permissiveness of commuting norms partially mediated these relationships. The potential role of work organizations in educating employees about commuting behaviour and driving safety is discussed.     

Shape effect related to crystallographic orientation of deformation behaviour in copper single crystals

The deformation behaviour of pure copper single crystals has been investigated by scanning electron microscopy and synchrotron radiation using the in situ reflection Laue method. Two types of sample with the same orientation of tensile axes, but with different crystallographic orientations in the directions of the width and thickness of the samples, have been studied. They showed different characteristics of deformation behaviour, such as the activated slip systems, the movement of the tensile axis, and the mode of fracture.     

Clarifying the dynamic interrelation of conflicts between the work and home domain and counterproductive work behaviour

This study investigates the daily relationship between experiencing home–work conflict (HWC) and an employee’s performance of counterproductive work behaviour (CWB) directed towards the individual (CWBI) and CWB directed towards the organization (CWBO). Moreover, we examine whether these relationships are buffered by family supportive supervisor behaviour. Finally, we investigate whether CWBs directed towards the individual and the organization are related to feelings of work–home conflict (WHC). We examined the daily diary data using multilevel path analyses. We found support for a significant positive relation between HWC and same as well as next-day CWB enacted towards the individual, and same-day CWB directed towards the organization. General levels of family supportive supervisor behaviour buffered an employee’s daily relationship between experiencing HWC and enacting counterproductive work behaviour towards the individual, and are directly and negatively related with enacting CWB towards the individual and the organization. Furthermore, daily CWB enacted towards the individual was significantly positive, whereas CWB enacted towards the organization was significantly negatively related to WHC. Future research would benefit from examining buffering effects on the resource-depleting relationship between counterproductive work behaviour enacted towards the individual and WHC.     

Moving beyond the function of the health behaviour: The effect of message frame on behavioural decision-making

Health messages that provide gain- or loss-framed arguments have a differential impact on behavioural decision-making (Rothman & Salovey, 1997). Typically, gain-framed messages more effectively promote preventive health behaviours, which maintain health and minimise the risk of a health problem, whereas loss-framed messages more effectively promote detection behaviours, which involve the risk of finding a health problem. Two experiments tested the thesis that the risk implications of the behaviour are an important determinant of the persuasive impact of gain- and loss-framed appeals. Results revealed that when the risk associated with a health behaviour (either a prevention behaviour in Experiment 1 or a detection behaviour in Experiment 2) was low, participants responded more favourably to gain-framed messages. However, when the risk associated with the health behaviour (either prevention or detection) was high, participants responded more favourably to loss-framed messages. Discussion focuses on the importance of taking into account how individuals construe a behaviour when constructing framed appeals.     

Rest position of the eyes and its effect on viewing distance and visual fatigue in computer display work

A deviation between the angle of convergence during visual work and the resting level of the vergence system (vergence discrepancy) should be associated with costs; subjects should tend to reduce these costs by increasing the observation distance. The remaining costs should contribute to visual fatigue. Both hypotheses were tested using a sample of 40 subjects, mainly students. In agreement with the first hypothesis, subjects with large initial vergence discrepancy increased their observation distance more in the course of 1 1/2 hours of visual work than subjects with smaller initial vergence discrepancy. Visual fatigue was assessed using a set of questions developed in two pilot studies. Contrary to the second hypothesis, visual fatigue did not depend on effective vergence discrepancy, that is, the deviation between the resting level of the vergence system and the actual angle of convergence. In addition, such a relationship was not found for further dependent variables (performance, BMS questionnaire, critical flicker frequency, evaluation of conditions of work, postural complaints). The results are discussed with respect to the role of tonic and dynamic components of the vergence system for visual fatigue.     

The Five-Factor model of personality and work behaviour in Greece

This study explores the validity of the five-factor model of personality (FFM) in occupational settings in Greece, examining its relationship to employees' overall job performance, job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behaviour, and generic work competencies. Two hundred and twenty-seven employees from various Greek SMEs participated in the study completing a personality and a job satisfaction measure. Their supervisors completed three questionnaires assessing their performance and their work competencies. Some of the most significant results of this study were the strong links identified between personality and job satisfaction and the moderating effect of job type on the criterion-related validity of some personality dimensions. These results are discussed in terms of the FFM literature taking into consideration the strong effect of Greek culture. The theoretical and practical implications for research and practice in Greece are also discussed.     

Unemployment and its impact on adolescent work values

This study examines the impact of unemployment on the work values orientation of adolescents. Using Super's (1970) Work Values Inventory, data were collected from 187 youths residing in a large midwestern city in the United States. Youths from families where the head of household had been unemployed for more than one year prior to the time of the study were compared to youths from a working-family environment. The findings of this study show little difference between work values orientation of youths from unemployed and employed families. The only variable which did prove to be significantly different settings appear to is "esthetics" (p less than .05), i.e., youths from unemployed settings appear to value new experiences and outlets for their abilities more than do youths of the comparison group.     

the moderating effect of sense of coherence on work adjustment

The authors examined the relationship between sense of coherence and D. B. Hershenson's (1981) model of work adjustment, specifically, the individual domains of work personality and work competencies. A sample of college students completed the Sense of Coherence Scale (A. Antonovsky, 1987) and the Work Personality Profile Self‐Report (WPP‐SR). A multivariate analysis indicated a medium relationship between sense of coherence and the WPP‐SR, with sense of coherence accounting for 18% of the variance. Univariate tests also indicated a medium relationship between sense of coherence and 4 of the 5 factor scales on the WPP‐SR.     

Influence of crystallographic orientation on cyclic strain-hardening behaviour of copper single crystals

The cyclic strain-hardening behaviour of copper single crystals with various slip orientations is considered systematically. It is shown that the crystallographic orientation has a strong effect on the cyclic hardening behaviours of double- and multiple-slip-oriented copper single crystals. The initial cyclic hardening of differently oriented copper single crystals is mainly dependent on the modes and intensities of dislocation interactions between slip systems operating in the crystal, as well as on the possibility of cross-slip. A distinctive strain burst phenomenon has been frequently observed in the very early stage of cyclic hardening for critical double-slip-oriented crystals. A secondary cyclic hardening stage occurs readily late in cyclic deformation of coplanar doubleslip-oriented crystals.     

Predicting proactive behaviour at work: Exploring the role of personality as an antecedent of whistleblowing behaviour

This paper reports on the role of personality as an antecedent of proactive behaviour at work in the form of whistleblowing. In the interest of triangulation, two studies were used, along with two personality measures. The results of Study 1, conducted among 503 municipality employees, show that the NEO Five‐Factor Inventory dimensions of extraversion and agreeableness are significantly associated with whistleblowing, with odds ratios of 1.13 and 0.91, respectively. The result from Study 2, conducted among a representative sample of employees, shows that the circumplex of interpersonal problems dimension domineering was significantly associated with whistleblowing, with an odds ratio of 1.66. The results suggest that personality, in the form of high extraversion and dominance and low agreeableness, do play a role as antecedents of whistleblowing.     

Mediating effect of environmental rewards on the relation between goal-directed behaviour and anhedonia

Depression can be explained by certain behavioural patterns, especially low levels of environmental rewards; it is generally accompanied by infrequent goal-directed behaviour, increased depressed mood, and anhedonia. However, no research has statistically examined the mediating effect of environmental rewards on the relation between goal-directed behaviour and the symptoms of depressed mood or anhedonia. This study sought to determine whether such a mediating effect of environmental rewards is present in cross-sectional study. The participants included 101 patients diagnosed with major depressive disorders. Data were collected through three questionnaires measuring depression and behavioural patterns that maintain depression: the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the Environmental Reward Observation Scale (EROS), and the Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale—Short Form (BADS-SF). Mediation analysis was conducted using depressed mood and anhedonia as dependent variables, environmental rewards as the mediating variable, and goal-directed behaviour as the independent variable. Environmental rewards significantly mediated the relationship between goal-directed behaviour and anhedonia but not that between goal-directed behaviour and depressed mood. No significant relationships were found among depressed mood, goal-directed behaviour and environmental rewards. From these results, we conclude that low levels of environmental rewards accompanied by infrequent goal-directed behaviour can lead to increased anhedonia but not depressed mood.

     

Moderating effect of Zhong Yong on the relationship between creativity and innovation behaviour

The present study examined the moderating effect of Zhong Yong on the relationship between perceived creativity and innovation behaviour in Chinese companies. A total of 273 paired questionnaires were collected with employee self-rated creativity and Zhong Yong and supervisor-rated innovation behaviour. The results show that for people higher on Zhong Yong, their creativity was not correlated with innovation behaviour; for people less immersed in Zhong Yong, this correlation is significant. This finding provides a new insight into the effects of Zhong Yong on the creativity-innovation behaviour transformation processes. The implications for future research are also discussed.     

Seeing the unseen: ostracism interventionary behaviour and its impact on employees

This article outlines the development and validation of the ostracism interventionary behaviour (OIB) scale. Based on in-depth interviews with employees, leaders, and content experts in addition to 603 survey respondents from Canada and the United States, 3 dimensions emerged to describe the ways in which leaders confront workplace ostracism-related cues and a measure was created to assess them. These refer to the ability for leaders to foster an inclusive workgroup dynamic and enact effective third-party interpersonal interventions through displays of (1) social awareness, (2) proactivity, and (3) harmony-seeking behaviour. In addition to possessing convergent and discriminant validity, the OIB scale demonstrated criterion-related validity through its relation with perceived workplace ostracism and well-being. Furthermore, evidence supported the scale’s test–retest reliability and predictive validity over and above leader–member exchange. Overall, the measure was found to be both reliable and valid, with important implications for the effective management of instances of ostracism at work.     

Survey of plateau behaviour in the cyclic stress-strain curve of copper single crystals

Experimental results relating to the plateau behaviour in the cyclic stress-strain (CSS) curve of copper single crystals located on different sides of the stereographic triangle are summarized. Unlike the situation for single-sliporiented crystals, the crystallographic orientation has a strong effect on the plateau behaviour in the CSS curves of double- and multiple-slip-oriented crystals. The existence or non-existence of a plateau in the CSS curves, as well as the corresponding plateau stress amplitude, depend not only on the modes and intensities of dislocation interactions among slip systems operating in the crystals but also on the slip deformation characteristics associated with crystal orientations. The plateau region in CSS curve disappears only when multiple slip plays a determining role during cyclic deformation.