Yield drop in high-strain-rate superplastic deformation of ZrO2-30 vol% MgAl2O4 spinel composite

The origin of a sudden yield drop in a tetragonal ZrO₂ dispersed with 30 vol% MgAl₂O₄ spinel composite has been examined. The present ZrO₂-spinel composite exhibits yield drop in superplastic flow at high strain rates of 0.2s^?1 or greater, where the flow behaviour is characterized by a stress exponent of about 3.5 and a grain-size exponent of about 1.0. Experimental examination suggests that a sudden increase in the mobile dislocation density within spinel grains is responsible for the yield drop.     

The role of implicit and explicit components of exerciser self-schema in the prediction of exercise behaviour

ObjectivesThis study investigated implicit and explicit components of exerciser self-schema and their role in the prediction of exercise behaviour. In addition, the effect of implicit and explicit exerciser self-schema on intention to exercise was examined. Moderation and mediation effects involving exerciser self-schema, in both its implicit and explicit forms, were investigated.MethodMembers of fitness centres and other regular exercisers (N = 98, n_males = 37, n_females = 65) completed a written questionnaire to measure explicit exerciser self-schema and exercise intentions. An exercise Implicit Association Test (IAT) was also administered to measure implicit exerciser self-schema. Actual exercise occurrence was measured one week and two weeks following the initial testing phase.ResultsCorrelations indicated that implicit and explicit components of exerciser self-schema were related but distinct constructs. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that high levels of both implicit and explicit exerciser self-schema improved absolute levels of exercise behaviour. Regression analyses examining the possibility that self-schema moderated the intention–behaviour relationship were not significant for implicit or explicit forms of self-schema. Forced entry regression analyses provided evidence for explicit exerciser self-schema being mediated by intention in its relationship with behaviour.ConclusionsIt is beneficial to consider both implicit and explicit exerciser self-schema when attempting to understand and predict exercise behaviour. Both implicit and explicit exercise self-schema have a direct effect on behaviour, although explicit self-schema also indirectly influences behaviour via intention to exercise.     

Intention stability: Literature and methodological review

IntroductionIt has been argued that intention stability is a pre-eminent determinant of individuals’ ability to direct their behaviour over time.ObjectiveThe aim of the review was to detail the existing literature and examine whether the relationships described are reliably indexed by the array of operationalisations of the construct.MethodsWeb of Science, PsycINFO, PubMed, and EMBASE were searched for English language articles reporting use of the construct in moderating a relationship between an IV and behaviour.ResultsEleven studies met the inclusion criteria. We identified six methods of estimating intention stability. The ostensible finding of the review was that greater intention stability associated with a stronger positive relationship between intention and behaviour. These findings are, however, largely invalidated by the serious flaws in measurement methods.ConclusionFurther thought must be given to the construct as an attribute of the individual, and how this attribute should be operationalised. The usefulness of “intention stability” will not be able to be evaluated prior to definition of a measurement model and its psychometric validation.     

Through a glass darkly Some reflections on psychiatric nursing

Abstract

This paper is about ways of understanding some of the behaviour and events that occur in psychiatric wards. It is argued that a psychodynamic understanding of these events would help both staff and patients see some ‘meaning in madness’.     

Teaching Behaviour Modification Procedures to Parents of Retarded and Psychotic Children: Practical Problems and Issues

Abstract

Practical problems and issues which arise in training parents of retarded and psychotic children in the use of behaviour modification techniques are discussed. The discussion is based on both individual and group attempts at training parents over a two year period. It is concluded that much empirical research is needed to determine the conditions which must be present for 1/ maximally training parents on behaviour modification procedures, and 2/ generalizing their training to the treatment of new behaviour problems.     

Theory-based bias correction in dispositional inference: The fundamental attribution error is dead,long live the correspondence bias

Social psychological research has repeatedly shown that perceivers draw correspondent dispositional inferences from observed behaviour even when this behaviour was highly constrained by situational factors (i.e., the correspondence bias). Even though this phenomenon has been proposed to be multiply determined, the most common explanation is still that perceivers ubiquitously consider situational factors to have little impact on human behaviour (i.e., the fundamental attribution error). The present chapter offers a critical analysis of the available empirical evidence on the correspondence bias from the perspective of theory-based bias correction. It is concluded that the correspondence bias results from a number of different processes associated with the application of perceivers' causal theories about situational influences on human behaviour. However, there is no evidence for the assumption that the correspondence bias is due to causal theories implying that situational factors have little impact on human behaviour. Theoretical and empirical implications are discussed.     

Psychosocial mediators of a theory-based resistance training maintenance intervention for prediabetic adults

Objective: Examine psychosocial mediators of the effects of high vs. low-dose resistance training (RT) maintenance interventions among older (ages 50–69), overweight and pre-diabetic adults.

Design: Participants (N = 123) completed a three-month supervised RT initiation phase and were subsequently randomised (time 1) to high or low-dose six-month unsupervised RT maintenance interventions (time 2), followed by a six-month no-contact phase (time 3).

Main Outcome Measures: Online measures of putative mediators and RT behaviour.

Results: RT intervention condition (high vs. low dose) had significant effects on change from time 1 to time 2 in behavioural expectation, self-regulation and perceived satisfaction (f² = .04–.08), but not outcome expectancies, RT strategies or behavioural intentions (f² ≤ .02). Change in each of the putative mediators, except for outcome expectancies (f² ≤ .02), had significant effects on RT behaviour at times 2 (f² = .12–.27) and 3 (f² = .23–.40). In a multiple mediation model, behavioural expectation (f² = .11) and self-regulation (f² = .06) mediated the effects of RT intervention condition on time 2 RT behaviour, whereas perceived satisfaction did not (f² = .01). Self-regulation was a significant mediator of intervention effects on time 3 RT behaviour (f² = .11), but behavioural expectation and perceived satisfaction were not (f² = .04).

Conclusions: Findings suggest that behavioural expectation and self-regulation are appropriate targets for RT maintenance interventions among at-risk older adults.     

The role of emotion in bridging the intention–behaviour gap: The case of sports participation

ProblemPsychological models of sports participation frequently draw on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) in order to predict health-behaviour-related intentions. While these models commonly show high predictive power with respect to intention, they often fall short in the prediction of behaviour (the ‘intention–behaviour gap’). The present study contends that integrating emotional processes into TPB can substantially improve the model's predictive power over and above traditional cognitive predictors.MethodIn a longitudinal study structural equation modelling was employed to test a traditional model (based on TPB) and an extended model including emotion associated with the intention to exercise as a mediator variable. A community sample (N = 237) completed a questionnaire measuring the components of a traditional TPB model. Prior to each of 16 expected exercise sessions (over 8 weeks) intention to exercise and emotion associated with the intention were measured.ResultsResults confirmed a substantial increase of 17% in explained variance of exercise frequency and 20% in exercise duration for the extended model. Emotional appraisal of the intention to exercise thus appears to mediate the traditional intention–behaviour relationship, suggesting that emotionally based interventions aimed at increasing sports participation may be helpful.ConclusionIt is concluded that emotion variables should be added to traditional TPB models in order to predict health behaviour more fully.     

The Effects of Library User-Education Programmes on the Information-Seeking Behaviour of Brisbane College of Theology Students

ABSTRACT

An increasing proportion of students entering the Brisbane College of Theology (BCT) are adult learners and engaged in theological education for general academic purposes or personal enrichment. In meeting the needs of these students, the user-education programmes conducted by the BCT Libraries endeavour to address the Australian Information Literacy Standards.¹ The literature reveals that information literacy is learned through experience primarily shaped by both librarians and faculty. This case study, which uses an adaptation of Biggs' model of presage, process, and product, looks at the information search process from the perspective of one theological library. As a phenomenographic study, it examines the interconnected theories of students' experience, perception, approach, and learning outcomes in the information search process. It will be shown here that user-education programmes and mediation with the librarian significantly influence the information-seeking behaviour of students.     

Strain rate response of a Ni–Ti shape memory alloy after hydrogen charging

In this work, we investigate the susceptibility of Ni–Ti superelastic wires to the strain rates during tensile testing after hydrogen charging. Cathodic hydrogen charging is performed at a current density of 10?A/m² during 2–12?h in 0.9% NaCl solution and aged for 24?h at room temperature. Specimens underwent one cycle of loading-unloading reaching a stress value of 700 MPa. During loading, strain rates from 10^?6 to 5?×?10^?2?^?s^?1 have been achieved. After 8?h of hydrogen charging, an embrittlement has been detected in the tensile strain rate range of 10^?6 to 10^?4?s^?1. In contrast, no embrittlement has been detected for strain rates of 10^?3?s^?1 and higher. However, after 12?h of hydrogen charging and 24?h of annealing at room temperature, the embrittlement occurs in the beginning of the austenite-martensite transformation for all the studied strain rate values. These results show that for a range of critical amounts of diffused hydrogen, the embrittlement of the Ni–Ti superelastic alloy strongly depends on the strain rate during the tensile test. Moreover, it has been shown that this embrittlement occurs for low values of strain rates rather than the higher ones. This behaviour is attributed to the interaction between the diffused hydrogen and growth of the martensitic domain.     

Deepening the measurement of motivation in the physical activity domain: Introducing behavioural resolve

ObjectivesIntention is theorized as the proximal determinant of behaviour in many leading theories and yet tests of its absolute predictive utility show discordance. While one line of research has been investigating constructs that may augment intention, another possibility may be to improve measurement. The purpose of this study was to compare a typical measure of exercise intention with a measure that attempts to deepen the motivational domain via considerations of contextual barriers and other competing goals (named behavioural resolve).DesignTwo-week prospective.MethodParticipants were a random sample of university students who were subsequently randomized to groups who completed either measures of behavioural intention (n = 179) and behavioural resolve (n = 227) in relation to exercise and a 2-week follow-up of exercise behaviour.ResultsComparing the two measures showed that the behavioural resolve construct explained significantly more variance in exercise behaviour than the standard intention construct (q = .35). Further comparison of the two measures showed that absolute discordance with subsequent exercise behaviour was considerably lower with behavioural resolve (mean = ?.09) compared to behavioural intention (mean = ?1.28).ConclusionsThese findings indicate that at least some of the intention–behaviour gap may be from inadequate measurement of the motivational domain, and this can be partially rectified with shifting to a behavioural resolve measure.     

Electron spin resonance of hydrogenated amorphous silicon-carbon alloy films prepared by magnetron sputtering

Abstract

New electron spin resonance (ESR) lines with g¹ = 2·0017 and g₂ and g₃ = 2·0006 have been found in the ESR spectra of as-deposited a-Si_1–x C_x:H films prepared by magnetron sputtering of silicon in the gas mixtures of methane and argon. Similarities between the observed spectra and those for the E′ centre in glassy SiO₂ are discussed.     

Interrelated emission and spin–spin relaxation feature mediated by VO+ defects in Gd2O3 nanorods subjected to swift ion impact

We report on the manifestation and interconnected photoluminescence and electron paramagnetic resonance responses in gadolinium oxide (Gd₂O₃) nanorods subjected to 80 MeV carbon ion irradiation. On increasing the irradiation fluence between 1 × 10¹¹ and 3 × 10¹² ions/cm², the emission associated with neutral oxygen vacancies (V_Ox), positioned at ~350 nm, undergoes a steady increase compared to that associated with singly charged vacancies (V_O⁺), located at ~414 nm. The enhancement of spin–spin relaxation time (τ_ss) is ascribed to a substantial changeover from V_O⁺ to V_Ox defects with irradiation, the former being recognized as the major contributor to paramagnetic centres. Interconnected luminescence and spin–spin relaxation could provide insight for making advanced nanophosphors and spin valve elements.     

Stability and strain of decagonal Al-Ni-Co quasicrystal under high pressure up to 70GPa

The stability of high-quality decagonal Al72Ni20Co8 single quasicrystals has been investigated under high pressure up to 67 GPa by means of an in situ angular-dispersive X-ray powder diffraction method using synchrotron radiation and a diamond anvil cell. It is found that the compression behaviour is almost isotropic. On the other hand, the strain behaviour on compression is found to be fairly anisotropic. This means that the quasiperiodic structure in the decagonal Al72Ni20Co8 quasicrystal is much more easily distorted than is the periodic structure.     

Value-based choice: An integrative,neuroscience-informed model of health goals

Objective: Traditional models of health behaviour focus on the roles of cognitive, personality and social-cognitive constructs (e.g. executive function, grit, self-efficacy), and give less attention to the process by which these constructs interact in the moment that a health-relevant choice is made. Health psychology needs a process-focused account of how various factors are integrated to produce the decisions that determine health behaviour.

Design: I present an integrative value-based choice model of health behaviour, which characterises the mechanism by which a variety of factors come together to determine behaviour. This model imports knowledge from research on behavioural economics and neuroscience about how choices are made to the study of health behaviour, and uses that knowledge to generate novel predictions about how to change health behaviour. I describe anomalies in value-based choice that can be exploited for health promotion, and review neuroimaging evidence about the involvement of midline dopamine structures in tracking and integrating value-related information during choice. I highlight how this knowledge can bring insights to health psychology using illustrative case of healthy eating.

Conclusion: Value-based choice is a viable model for health behaviour and opens new avenues for mechanism-focused intervention.     

Kripke Incomplete Logics Containing KTB

It is shown that there is a Kripke incomplete logic in NExt(KTB ⊕ □² p → □³ p). Furthermore, it is also shown that there exists a continuum of Kripke incomplete logics in NExt(KTB ⊕ □⁵ p → □⁶ p). Presented by Michael Zakharyaschev     

Moral Obligation and Everyday Advice

Abstract

Alfred Schütz’s investigation of the temporal structure of consciousness in The Phenomenology of the Social World leads him to conceive action as antecedently projected behaviour. Schütz presents his conception of action as resolving a problem in Weber’s discussion of meaningful behaviour in the opening pages of Economy and Society. It serves that aim well, but also has independent value. The antecedently projected form of action necessitates a biographical conception of human agency. Schütz’s conception of action thus reinstates the biographical nature of agency ignored in contemporary analytical philosophy of action. Furthermore, Marx is committed to exactly this conception of action. It founds his further claim that action and history mutually presuppose one another.     

Dr John Hunter Padel 1913–1999

SUMMARY

With the help of clinical material from two female patients with whom acting out was a major feature of their treatment I have examined the connection between acting out behaviour and separation anxiety.

To begin with, I have drawn on Freud's conception of acting out and have shown that this kind of behaviour can be closely associated with transference in that both can act as a resistance as well as an aid to the psychoanalytic process.

The link between acting out and preverbal experience is commented on and attention is given to the defensive splitting of the primary object during early development.

It is then suggested that one of the essential roots associated with acting out behaviour is that of object loss and separation.

The clinical examples show that if the child separates in a strongly hostile manner from the mother then acting out associated with separations during analysis is going to be greater.

In view of the deficits in the early mother child relationships of the two patients described I adopted a therapeutic strategy based less on confrontation and limit setting and more on a consistent attempt to understand what was being communicated in the acting out behaviour.