分散空间注意条件下客体特征一致性对视觉特征错觉性结合的影响

本研究通过设置对空间注意资源的分配实施强行操作的情形下,探讨了主、次作业客体形状一致性和次作业客体间距对乏空间注意区次作业客体颜色、形状特征的检测及对特征错觉性结合的影响。实验结果表明：（１）分散空间注意使次作业区域注意减弱,对客体及其颜色和形状特征的识别均产生明显影响．而且对形状的影响又大于颜色;（２）特征错觉性结合率,主、次作业客体形状一致时比客体形状不一致时明显增大;（３）次作业客体间距对特征错觉性结合率无明显影响,但客体形状一致性和客体间距之间存在明显交互作用．     

ACCESS TO GLOBAL AND LOCAL PROPERTIES IN VISUAL SEARCH FOR COMPOUND STIMULI

Abstract— The question of whether attention is drawn more easily to global or local aspects of a stimulus has been debated for more than 100 years. We examined it anew, using the visual search task, which distinguishes sensory from attentional effect. Subjects searched for a target feature (eg., triangle vs square), which was equally likely to occur in the local elements of a compound search item, in its global structure, or in both Element size and spacing were used to manipulate whether search was generally easier for local or global targets (eg., small size and dense spacing favor global detection). The novel result was that these factors had very little influence on search slopes for local targets, whereas they had large effects on search slopes for global targets. This result suggests that a qualitatively different process underlies detection at the global level in traditional compound stimuli. Our proposal that an attention-demanding grouping stage is involved was confirmed in a final experiment in which grouping was made selectively difficult at the local level.     

早期ERP效应与视觉注意空间等级的脑调节机制

通过事件相关电位(ERP)记录研究注意的空间等级的脑内时程动态变化。视觉搜索任务的目标受不同大小提示范围的启动。提示范围增大时,识别目标的反应时延长,P1波幅增大而N1波幅减小,该效应在短间隔条件下尤为明显。P1增大反映了促进目标识别时,适当注意范围的空间等级变化需要额外的运算资源。而N1波幅减小则可能扩散了空间注意倾斜。研究结果提供了以下电生理学证据：注意空间等级的改变调节了早期视皮层的神经活动,并激活了视觉搜索中至少2个时间重叠的ERP成分。     

ATTENTION AND VISUAL IDENTIFICATION TIME

SCHIOLDBORG, P. Attention and visual identification time. Scand. J. Psychol. , 1971, 12 , 289–294.–The identification time of a test object increased when viewed together with other objects, both for central and peripheral identification. When viewed alone, foreknowledge of position facilitated identification in central vision, but not in peripheral vision. A distinction between identification and localization as related to attention is outlined. The results are interpreted in line with a model where focusing and dispersion of attention are regarded as antagonistic processes, implying that the ensuing variation in the momentary attention level for some object affects the amount of information assessed per unit time.     

FLEXIBILITY IN SPATIAL ATTENTION BEFORE AND AFTER PRACTICE

Abstract— These experiments used spatial probes to measure how spatial attention is allocated across the visual field during search for a target letter in an eight-letter array. There were three main findings. Attentional strength is flexibly adjusted according to the confusability between target and distractors. Distractor locations near the target receive more inhibition than those farther from the target, indicating that the nearby distractors interfere more with target identification. Despite the fact that consistent practice improves search rate it does not diminish the strength of spatial attention in this task.     

固定位置区域提示下视觉注意范围等级的ERP研究

研究视觉空间注意中注意范围的脑内时程的动态变化。被试为 14名青年人 ,使用固定位置的、3种不同直径的线圈作为注意范围的区域性提示 ,祛除空间定位因素的影响 ,记录反应时和事件相关电位 (ERP)数据。结果显示 :提示范围由小到中等时 ,反应时延长 ,而由中等到大范围时 ,反应时缩短 ;提示物和靶刺激诱发ERP的早成分 (N1、P1)不受提示范围大小的调节 ,而其P2、N2的波幅与潜伏期均明显受到提示范围大小的影响。这些结果说明 :①视觉注意诱发的P1、N1成分 ,主要与空间定位信息的加工相关 ;②提示物诱发的P2、N2成分与注意范围相关 ;③在视觉信息加工过程中 ,空间位置的信息要早于其它信息被加工 ,支持视觉信息串行加工观点     

视觉空间注意的事件相关电位研究

视觉空间注意是心理学多年来一直探讨的问题,也是近来多学科共同关注的领域。在脑机制研究中,事件相关电位(ERP)的研究方法具有高时间分辨率的特点,近年来高密度记录技术的发展,也提高了ERP在功能定位方面的作用,因此其应用日益广泛。该文概述了近年来有关ERP在视觉空间注意研究中的实验方法、结果和初步结论,并就今后研究方向提出了几点看法。     

位置提示下视觉注意范围的调控机制

研究视觉空间注意中不同注意范围引起脑内加工时程的动态变化。使用固定位置的、三种不同直径的线圈作为注意范围的位置性提示,祛除空间定位因素的影响,记录反应时和事件相关电位（ERP）数据。结果显示：在同等注意范围时,随着刺激位置远离视野中心,反应时延长,靶刺激诱发的P1、N1不受刺激位置的影响,而其前部N2的波幅明显受到刺激位置的影响;在靶刺激位置相同时,随着注意范围的扩大,反应时缩短,靶刺激诱发的P1、N1不受提示范围大小的影响,而其前部P2的波幅明显受到注意范围的影响。结果说明：①视觉注意范围信息加工与靶刺激诱发的P2成分相关;②视觉注意诱发的P1、N1成分,主要与注意方位相关,而与注意范围大小无关;③注意范围变化引起注意集中度的调节是在一定范围内进行的。     

突现对内源性选择注意的影响

本研究利用空间线索技术的实验模式,考察内源性选择注意与外源性选择注意的相互关系。实验结果表明,外周线索突现可以优先地被加工,但并不是完全高度自动化的;当注意受内源性中央线索引导集中到一个与突现刺激不一致的空间位置时,突现刺激不能引导出自动化的外源性选择注意。     

SELECTIVE ATTENTION IN VISUAL PERCEPTION AND SHORT-TERM MEMORY; 'STIMULUS' SET VERSUS 'RESPONSE' SET

S chioldborg P. Selective attention in visual perception and short-term memory; 'stimulus' set versus 'response' set. Scand. J. Psychol ., 1972, 13 , 172–177.—The identification time of letters or digits, as selected from a mixed array of both, was longer when selection was based on the class concept Letter or Digit ('response' set) than when based on the color or position of the items ('stimulus' set). The difference is assumed to reflect variations in the momentary attention level of the selected items, thereby affecting the amount of information processed per unit time. Retrieval of information from short-term memory appeared to be independent of type of selection, suggesting that information processing in STM includes conceptual analysis.     

GUIDED VISUAL SEARCH IS A LEFT-HEMISPHERE PROCESS IN SPLIT-BRAIN PATIENTS

Abstract— Previous research has shown that split-brain (callosotomy) patients search through visual displays twice as fast as normal observers when items are divided evenly between visual hemifields, as though each disconnected hemisphere possessed its own attentional scanning system (Luck, Hillyard, Mangun, & Gazzaniga, 1989, 1994) Results from 3 split-brain patients in the present study indicate that the ability to limit search to a relevant subset of the visual display is lateralized to the left cerebral hemisphere. This ability to perform guided search was not shown in the right hemisphere, even when the search time in that hemisphere was superior to search time in the left Furthermore, guided search was observed for both hemifields in normal control observers. These findings suggest that, as with higher cognitive processes such as language, strategic visuospatial attentional processes are preferentially lateralized to the left cerebral hemisphere. The findings also imply that the callosum mediates guided search in the right hemisphere of normal subjects     

CARGOISM AND SCIENTIFIC JUSTIFICATION IN THE SEARCH FOR EXTRATERRESTRIAL INTELLIGENCE

This article compares justifications of the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) presented by scientists with ideational constructs associated with cargo cults in Melanesia. In focusing on similarities between cargoism and SETI, I argue that, understood in terms of cultural practice, aspects of the science of SETI have significant similarities to the religious elements that characterize cargoism. Through a focus on the construction of meanings, I consider how SETI and cargoism use similar signification systems to communicate meaning related to local social contexts and I draw a parallel with the religious and meaning structure of cargoism to show that SETI and cargoism employ similar strategies to justify beliefs. As a result, in some ways SETI represents a scientific framework that inhabits cultural and epistemological space that overlaps with religious space.     

视觉工作记忆内容对视觉搜索的影响

采用记忆任务与视觉搜索任务相结合的范式,以二维对称图形为材料,探讨视觉工作记忆内容对视觉搜索的影响。结果发现：（1）不同视觉工作记忆内容条件下的反应时存在显著差异,无效信息条件下的反应时显著长于有效信息条件下的反应时。（2）不同搜索序列条件下反应时差异显著,复杂序列条件下的反应时显著长于简单序列条件。结果表明,视觉工作记忆中的信息内容影响视觉搜索效率,其变化趋势不受序列大小的影响,结果支持偏向竞争模型。     

SCIENCE-AND-RELIGION AND THE SEARCH FOR MEANING

Abstract. A survey and interpretation is offered of the broad range of contemporary thinking that concerns itself with the relationships between religion and science. The survey consists of a spectrum of six types of thought: (1) The modern option: translating religious wisdom into scientific concepts; (2) the postmodern/new-age option: constructing new science-based myths; (3) the critical post-Enlightenment option: expressing the truth at the obscure margin of science; (4) the postmodern constructivist option: fashioning a new metaphysics for scientific knowledge; (5) the constructivist traditional option: interpreting science in dynamic traditional concepts; (6) the Christian evangelical option: reaffirming the rationality of traditional belief. The interpretive effort considers these options under the rubric of the contemporary search for meaning and takes note of controversy and convergence within this search. Thinking on the religion/science interface is representative of much contemporary thinking that deals with the question of meaning in the present intellectual and cultural situation.     

TOPOLOGICAL AND EUCLIDEAN SPATIAL FEATURES NOTED BY CHILDREN

The question explored in this study is whether the spatial-perceptual difficulties experienced in some cultures could be partly accounted for in terms of a persistence of predominantly topological functioning. An oddity-choice task was devised consisting of one set of regular and another of irregular figures such that responses could be classified as topological (T), Euclidean (E) or “unrelated” (U), the last indicating failure to categorize figures consistently. A total of 415 children aged 4–12 were tested in Hong Kong, India, Scotland and Zambia. Few significant age trends but highly significant cultural and sub-cultural differences were found. Contrary to expectation, T responses were roughly constant while the proportion of both E and U responses showed systematic cross-cultural variations. There was evidence that it is U responses rather than the proportion of E responses which directly reflect spatial ability. The factors producing cultural and sub-cultural differences are discussed.     

选择注意模型的视觉实验研究

本研究以改变了的stroop effect(即不但要求被试分别用两种语言报告字词的颜色,同时刺激词也是两种语言的)作为研究手段来考察选择注意模型,实验结果表明字词的涵义对颜色命名任务产生影响作用,并且在报告用语和书写用语属同一语种的情况下比在属不同语种的情况下,字词的涵义对颜色命名任务有更大的影响作用。对此,作者把语言看作是一种加工通道,根据实验结果,得出结论认为:通道内部的选择注意是反应性的,跨越通道的选择注意是知觉性的,选择注意模型因条件而异。