小学教师课堂教学能力构成的研究

采用实验与心理测验法,探讨知识结构、教学效能感、教学监控力和基本心理能力在小学教师课堂教学能力形成与发展中的作用,并通过验证性因素分析的方法,建构了教师课堂教学能力的验证性因素分析模型。结果表明;知识结构、教学效能感和教学监控力在小学教师课堂教学能力中起着重要作用;基本心理能力主要受年龄发展的影响,对教师课堂教学能力的作用不显著。     

小学教师的创造力培养观与创造性教学行为的关系:教学监控能力的中介作用

用创造力培养观、教学监控能力和创造性教学行为问卷对430名小学教师进行调查,考察三者之间的关系,并着重对教学监控能力在其中的中介作用进行分析。结果表明:(1)创造力培养观、教学监控能力及其各个维度对创造性教学行为都有正向预测作用;(2)教学监控能力的计划准备性、控制调节性、评价反馈性、课后反省性及作为一个整体在创造力培养观与创造性教学行为之间均具有显著的中介效应。这一发现提示教师培训工作应重视教师教学监控能力的实际增长,这样才能使教师已经接受的创造教育理念落实到创造性教学行为上。     

小学教师课堂信息加工能力的研究

研究采用小学语文和数学教学录像为实验材料,以98名小学语文数学教师、其他学科教师和非教师为研究对象,运用反应时测量法探讨小学教师加工不同类型课堂信息的速度和辨别能力。结果表明:有学科教学经验的教师(语文和数学教师)在重视学科教学内容的同时,也重视课堂教学活动的组织和课堂气氛的调节;学科知识、学科教学经验和课堂教学经验对教师的课堂信息加工能力和教学专长发展有显著的影响;研究结论对提高教师课堂教学能力、教学专长以及教师培训提供了有力的实验证据。     

认知的自我指导技术对教师教学监控能力的影响

本研究采用认知的自我指导技术,对９名小学教师的教学监控能力进行训练。结果发现：训练不仅提高了教师教学监控能力,而且提高了教师对教学的认知水平,改善了教师的教学行为。     

任务指向型干预手段对教师教学监控能力的影响

本研究采用任务指向型干预手段,对１０名小学教师教学监控能力进行训练。结果发现：训练不仅提高了教师教学监控能力,而且提高了教师对教学的认知水平,改善了教师 教学行为。     

在教研活动中提高教师课堂教学监控能力的研究

本研究根据教师教学监控能力的有关理论,通过开展有目的性的专题教研活动,以探索提高农村小学教师课堂教学监控能力的方法和途径。研究结果表明,通过开展以培养教师课堂教学监控能力为主目标的教研干预活动,可以有效地培养教师的教学监控能力,改善教师的教学行为。     

小学教师科学素养的调查研究

为了解大连地区小学教师科学素养的现状,采用自编调查问卷对265名大连市城乡小学教师进行了调查研究。结果表明:1)本、专科学历小学教师的科学素养明显高于中专学历的教师;2)小学教师较好地掌握了小学水平的科学知识,但对中学以上水平的科学知识掌握较差;3)教师的科学素养水平没有表现出随教龄的增长而提高。     

提高小学教师教学水平途径的内隐理论研究

本研究以认知内隐理论为依据,采用问卷调查的方法,探讨提高小学教师教学水平的途径。研究分两步,第一步,通过开放式问卷归纳出20条具体途径。第二步对第一步得出的20条途径的有效性进行评定。因素分析结果表明教师们认为提高教师课堂教学水平有五条途径:(1)提高教师的教学操作技能,(2)提高教师基本素质(知识与职业道德),(3)组织各种教学活动,(4)积累教学经验,(5)改善教学的环境条件。其中,最重要的是提高教师的教学操作技能。本研究还表明:(1)小学教师们提出的途径要比专家学者们提出的途径更丰富,(2)小学教师们与专家学者强调的侧重点不一样。     

教师教学监控能力与其教育观念的关系研究

本研究以从北京市和浙江省瑞安市小学教师中选取的436名语、数教师为被试,探讨了教师教学监控能力与其教育观念之间的关系.结果表明:教师教学监控能力与其自我知觉、教学效能感和其对教学成败的努力归因等教育观念因素存在显着的相关关系.研究还发现在教师的教育观念中,教师教学效能感及其努力知觉与其教学监控能力之间存在直接的线性关系,其它的观念成份均通过它们影响教师的教学监控能力.     

小学教师课堂信息加工策略的研究

本研究采用测验法测量了不同学科的小学教师对课堂信息的选择注意、洞察力和表征策略发展状况,考察了选择注意、洞察力和表征策略的关系,建立了小学教师课堂信息加工策略构成的验证性因素分析模型,结果表明:不同策略发展水平具有一致性,且不存在学科差异,选择注意、洞察力和表征策略是小学教师课堂信息加工策略的重要构成成分.     

Improving Middle School Professional Development by Examining Middle School Teachers' Application of Literacy Strategies and Instructional Design

The goal of this article is to explore the effects of professional development on middle school teachers' understanding and application of literacy strategies supporting and enhancing instruction across the curriculum. This study investigated the extent to which reading and writing strategies, along with sound instructional design, were implemented by middle school teachers in their content areas based on data collected from self-reports (i.e., strategy and design checklists) and authors' classroom observations. Results from the analysis of the data collected suggest that the sampled middle school teachers used a wide variety of instructional strategies and instructional designs throughout their teaching. While certain instructional designs (whole-class discussion) and strategies (note-taking and graphic organizers) were used universally throughout the school, perhaps more important was the fact that others were selected dependent upon the unique content area they taught.     

Verbal and visual instruction with mental retardation: The role of subject characteristics and task factors

Past research and theory presents an inconsistent picture concerning the relative value of verbal versus visual instructional programs for individuals with mental retardation. From an empirical perspective, there is evidence that this inconsistency may be due to the differences in the type of tasks and the specific abilities of the subjects employed across studies. In this research, the effects of three instructional procedures (verbal, visual, and verbal plus visual) were evaluated with mentally retarded persons who varied in verbal and visual ability. Performance was examined on a visual task which incorporated stimuli of varying degrees of familiarity to the subjects. The results indicated that the use of the combined verbal-visual instruction procedure was more effective than the other two training programs when task stimuli were familiar to the subjects. When task stimuli were unfamiliar, instructional procedures which had a visual component were found to be superior to a procedure which employed only the use of verbal component. The subjects' visual ability was most strongly associated with performance outcome when visual instruction was employed and unfamiliar task stimuli were sorted. In contrast, subjects' verbal ability appeared to be equally important across instructional and task conditions. The implications of the results for the design of instructional programs and for future research are discussed.     

SPATIAL COGNITION AND GENDER Instructional and Stimulus Influences on Mental Image Rotation Performance

Recent research has demonstrated that "sex differences" on mental image rotation (MIR) tasks may be attenuated through manipulations of instructional or stimulus conditions. The interaction of these variables was examined in two experiments. In the first, subjects received instructions that emphasized or de-emphasized the spatial nature of the MIR task. In the second, instructions emphasized the use of MIR abilities in stereotypically "masculine" or "feminine" occupations. The relevant interactions were significant in both experiments. Men performed at higher levels than women in the spatial instruction conditions, but no sex differences were observed under nonspatial instructions. These effects were further shown to be mediated by stimulus type; simpler or more familiar stimuli were less deleterious to the performance of women. These results add to the evidence that instructional and stimulus effects may exacerbate or eliminate sex differences in spatial cognition.     

Using Brief Experimental Analysis to Select Oral Reading Interventions: An Investigation of Treatment Utility

This study examined the treatment utility of brief experimental analysis for selecting skill-based oral reading interventions that targeted acquisition and fluency. Two second and one third grade student served as participants. The potentially most and least effective instructional packages identified from the brief experimental analysis for each student were alternated during an extended analysis phase. The instructional components that were compared were based on an ease of implementation hierarchy, with the brief experimental analysis used to select the hypothesized most effective instructional package for oral reading. Visual analysis of extended analysis data revealed that the hypothesized most effective combination of instructional components identified from the brief analysis produced greater initial gains in reading for two children (i.e., over 29 and 21 intervention days) and greater gains in reading throughout the extended analysis phase for the third child. Thus, the investigation provided preliminary evidence for the treatment utility of using brief experimental analysis to select effective and efficient oral reading instructional interventions. Implications, limitations, and future research topics are discussed.     

The influence of code‐oriented versus meaning‐oriented approaches to reading instruction on word recognition in the Spanish language

This study was designed to examine the possible effect of instructional method and grade on the development of the competences used in reading isolated words in a transparent orthography (i.e., Spanish). A cross‐sectional design was used with a sample of 202 children who were learning to read by different instructional methods (code‐oriented vs. meaning‐oriented approaches). The effect of instructional method was analysed on reaction times, latency responses, and misreading on lexical decision and naming tasks. Words varied in frequency, length, and positional frequency of syllables (PFS) and the nonwords varied only in length and PFS. Our prediction was that the differences in reaction times and error performance as a function of the variables that allow us to test the routes—such as lexicality, word frequency, PFS, and word length—would be greater in the individuals who learn by a meaning‐oriented approach, which means that this group would be more affected by unfamiliar and longer words, low PFS, and nonwords in comparison to individuals who learn by a code‐oriented approach. This would support the view that individuals who learn by a meaning‐oriented approach have particular difficulties in naming words under conditions that require extensive phonological computation. Reliable effects of instructional method were found both in reaction times and latency responses and also on misreading in words and nonwords. The findings demonstrate superiority in the sublexical analysis in children who were learning by code‐oriented approaches. However, individuals who were learning by meaning‐oriented approaches had particular difficulties in naming words under conditions that require extensive phonological computation.     

Age Differences in Learning from Instructional Animations

The present study tests the effects of the decline of executive functions and spatial abilities with aging on the comprehension of a complex instructional animation. An animation of a piano mechanism was presented individually to 33 young adults and 31 elderly participants. Two presentation speeds of the animation (normal and slow) were compared in a 2 × 2 experimental design. Eye movements were recorded during the learning time. Then, four executive function tests (inhibition, shifting, updating, and processing speed) and a spatial ability test (differential aptitude test) were undertaken by each participant. Results showed that the comprehension of animations was significantly affected by aging. Significant differences between young and old groups were found for executive functions and spatial abilities. Regressions on comprehension scores showed a strong significant effect of spatial ability. Like in previous research, presentation speed had no effect. Eye movement data showed this result was due to application of a compensation strategy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Self-assessment: A model for involving students in the formulation of their IEPs

This article presents the self-assessment model as a vehicle for involving students in the formulation of their individual educational plans (IEPs). The five stages of the self-assessment process are described. Two examples are presented which assess the congruence between student selected objectives and those objectives selected by the interdisciplinary IEP team. Results suggest that students can accurately determine their own instructional levels and that the self-assessment model is a viable method for soliciting the input of students in the formulation of their IEPs.     

Use of Brief Instructional Trials to Identify Small Group Reading Strategies: A Two Experiment Study

The Instructional Hierarchy (IH) has proven useful for understanding the functional properties of empirically valid instructional strategies. Investigators have relied heavily on the IH as a heuristic in conceptualizing instructional components used in brief experimental analyses. To date, only one investigation has applied brief experimental analysis results to small group reading interventions. The purpose of this paper is to describe two studies which used single session instructional trials to identify interventions that were subsequently applied to small group reading instruction. In both studies, individualized instructional trials that probed for skill and performance deficits were carried out and results suggested that all students benefited from the instructional intervention. Next, the intervention was implemented in a small group format. In Experiment 2, however, validation of the instructional package was carried out by the classroom teacher who delivered the instructional package to the small group. In both cases, extended experimental analyses suggested that the intervention was effective at improving all participants’ generalized reading fluency. Results of both studies are discussed in terms of how future studies can refine procedures for validating instructional and motivational components before classroom applications.     

图式教学对阅读理解能力、推理能力与自我效能感的影响

本研究采用自然实验法对吉林省松原市逸夫实验小学160名四、五年级的学生进行了对比实验研究,探讨图式教学对阅读理解能力、推理能力和自我效能感的影响。结果表明:(1)四、五年级实验班学生的阅读理解能力普遍提高,五年级明显。(2)仅五年级实验班学生的推理能力有了显著提高,相对而言,图式教学对五年级学生推理能力的影响要优于四年级。(3)四、五年级实验班学生的自我效能感均明显增强。这说明图式教学比常规教学更能有效地提高学生的阅读理解能力和自我效能感。     

Word Association and Ink Blot Responses as a Function of Instructional Sets and Psychopathology

Predictions derived from traditional projective test theory were compared with those derived from Wallace's (1966) abilities conception of personality. Word association (WAT) and ink blot (IBT) tests were given to hospitalized patients and to college student controls under three instructional sets, namely, free association, instructions to produce popular responses, and instructions to produce original responses. The results showed a significant effect of instructions on WAT popular responses and WAT original responses, as well as on IBT popular responses. Latency measures on both instruments were also significantly affected. Only the IBT popular responses, however, differentiated the two groups, and the predicted interactions of instructions and psychopathology were not obtained for any measure.