浅谈中西方传统的德性伦理

东西方传统的德性伦理具有不同的内涵。中国传统德性论认为,德性是与生俱来的;西方传统认为,人的德性是后天养成的。中国的德性伦理不仅规范处理人与人之间的关系,也处理人与自然之间的关系;西方的德性伦理则只规范处理人与人之间的关系。中国的德性伦理相对独立;西方的德性伦理则要受理性的支配和指导。     

德性是相对的吗 —— —以孔孟的德性论为例

自上世纪德性论的转向以来,德性论是否可能受到了广泛的质疑.许多学者认为德性论由于强调通过人的习惯行为养成德性,因此,德性是与特殊的社会条件联系在一起的,具有相对主义的特征,不具有普遍的性质.对于这些质疑,以孔孟的德性论为例观之,孔孟的德性论不仅有一个社会性的维度,还有一个人性论的维度,这为德性论超越具体的社会条件的局限而具有普遍的性质提供了可能.而德性培养过程中的智能的作用恰可起到联系特殊与一般的作用.伦理道德的普遍性具有与理论科学中的普遍性不一样的特征,具有大体如此的特点.     

传统德性资源与现代公民德性的培养

亚里士多德指出,德性是那些值得称赞的品质,人的德性就是既使得一个人好又使得他出色地完成他的活动的品质。我们认为,公民德性是指公民为了实现人的价值、追求幸福生活和实现社会的善,正确行使一国宪法规定的基本权利和履行宪法规定的基本义务而应具备的优秀品质和能力,这些品质和能力体现在道德、理智和实践三个方面。中国传统文化中蕴含着丰富的德性资源,这些德性资源对今天的公民道德建设和公民德性培养具有重大的理论和实践价值。     

论德性修养及其与德性教育的关系

修养是指人们为了达到某种人生境界,根据环境和主客观条件所进行的旨在提高自己的综合素质或某种素质的学习和实践活动,也指通过这种活动所达到的综合素质或某种素质的水平.从人的个性特征看,修养可以划分为观念修养、知识修养、能力修养和品质修养.此外,还有为了获得智慧所进行的智慧修养.品质修养的主要目的是使品质成为有德性的,因而品质修养也可以说是德性修养.德性修养是指人们为了提高自己的道德素质所进行的养成和完善自己德性的学习和实践活动.它是道德修养的基础和关键,也是整个人生修养的必要组成部分,并在整个人生修养中具有基础地位,是使人达到更高人生境界的基础.德性教育与德性修养之间必须实现和谐对接和良性互动,只有这样,两种活动的功能才能得以有效发挥,真正取得德性养成和完善的效果.     

德性伦理及其现当代价值

现当代是否只适合发展规范伦理,而德性伦理注定趋向衰落?本文在分析德性伦理与道德特质、中国古代与西方德性伦理传统、马克思主义如何对待德性伦理以及如何应对德性伦理所面临的挑战和冲击等问题的基础上,认为德性伦理在现当代仍有重要的价值意义,仍是伦理学研究与道德建设具有重要理论意义和实践意义的课题。     

亚里士多德论理智德性

理智德性和伦理德性的关系问题是亚里士多德伦理学中的核心问题。传统的理智主义立场只是一般地坚持并主张了理智德性在道德实践中的核心地位和积极作用,但是,却很少讨论到理智德性与伦理德性之间的具体关系,尤其是理智德性中五个主要的环节在道德选择过程中各自所承担的不同的功能和所起到的具体作用,以及它们之间的内在联系,缺少与文本紧密结合的深入而具体的论证。从这一理论需要出发,通过对《尼各马可伦理学》第六卷文本的深入分析和诠释,可以论证存在于亚里士多德的理智德性各环节之间的体系性的关联,尤其是明智在沟通理智德性与伦理德性、一般和具体上的特殊地位和作用。     

浅析希腊传统德性的内在分裂——兼论麦金太尔的德性复兴

在麦金太尔看来,现代社会对传统德性的摒弃使自我因丧失了德性的根基而丧失了自我的完整性,最终使现代人沦为了欧文.戈夫曼所描绘的角色之衣借以悬挂的衣架。麦金太尔认为希腊传统德性具有超越城邦政治的一般人类实践的普遍意义,因此,他呼吁向希腊传统德性回归以拯救当代自我的失落,     

论德性

德性是人优秀品质中的一种,是由理智或智慧在正确道德观念的前提下根据有利于具有者和他活动于其中的共同体及其成员更好生存的根本要求培育的,通常以心理定势对人的活动发生作用并使人的活动及其主体成为善(好)的道德意义上的善(好)品质,即道德的品质.它具有指向性、意向性、多维性、统一性、稳定性和普适性等主要特征.德性从直觉的层次看是社会道德要求的内化,但从批判的层次上看则根源于人更好生存的需要.德性一般都体现为德目或德性要求,因而具有规范性,但德性规范是构成性规则,与作为规范性规则的道德规范有所不同.     

德性论与伦理学

伦理学中有价值论、规范论或义务论,但没有专门研究德性问题的德性论.德性问题是一个重要的人生问题,也是一个重要的社会问题,尤其是当代社会的严重问题,而且只有伦理学才能从理论和实践的结合上给予系统的回答.因此,应该建立德性论专门研究德性问题.德性论研究什么是德性以及如何形成德性的问题,其主要任务是确立伦理学的德性原则.德性论与价值论、规范论一起分别从人的品质、目的、行为方面解释和回答人生问题,它们是相对独立、相互补充的,共同给人生提供伦理学原则并研究回答人生的伦理学问题.德性伦理学属于德性论的研究,但德性伦理学是西方伦理学的一个流派,而不是伦理学的一个相对独立的分支.     

论亚里士多德"自然"德性伦理学对德性伦理学复兴的启示

亚氏德性伦理学是以"自然"为基础的,"自然"是本体用意与现象用意的内在统一,统一于"人生"之中.在亚氏德性伦理学语境中,人的生命历程与呈明"自然"的德性之美是内在统一的过程.当代德性伦理学复兴缺乏本体论承诺,致使德性伦理学复兴缺乏统一的解释力度.这需要从亚氏"自然"德性伦理学中获得启示.     

“对的”与“好的”

什么是“对的”,和对它的证立,是道德哲学中具有争议性的核心问题,也是效用主义和道义论间的主要差异之所在。统合效用主义对于“好的就是对的”这个陈述有一套完整周延的说法。而道义论对这个问题的证立不够周延或没有足够的说服力。     

"视天下无一物非我":论张横渠的生态伦理观

本文从横渠文本的义理脉络出发,讨论了横渠思想中所蕴涵的生态伦理观念。文章认为,横渠的思想乃是从万物同一的宇宙本源论出发,以“尽性”、“大心”以“肖天”为境界追求的一种根源性生态伦理。文章从“人但物中之一物耳”、“君子教人,举天理以示之而已”以及“民吾同胞,物吾与也”三个方面对横渠的生态伦理观念作了提纲式的说明,并认为,在横渠,人与自然的共亲一体,赋予人感通万物、成就万物,并引领万物至和谐之境的一种伦理担当。     

《易传》“德”论研究

“德”在《易传》思想体系中不仅仅是一个反映人类社会行为规范的伦理范畴,而且还是一个统摄自然界和人类社会运动变化发展规律的哲学范畴。因此,系统考辨“德”在《易传》中的重要作用,对于全面把握《易传》思想体系具有重要意义。     

论《周易》中的"德"

德是中国古代思想中的重要概念。《周易》经传中有许多关于德的论述,例如盛德,指日日维新,与时俱行,所谓自强不息即是盛德。又如厚德,指包容万物,自求于己。另外还有至德、文德、懿德、崇德、居德、育德、俭德、龙德、君德、天德等,研究这些资料,对于理解《周易》哲学具有重要意义。     

ON THE RELIABILITY OF MORAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIRTUES

Abstract: I examine here whether reliability is a defining feature of (moral or intellectual) virtues. I argue (1) that reliability is not a defining feature of a virtue where virtues are conceived (as they often are) as “personal excellences,” but (2) that there is another (also intuitive and familiar) conception of a virtue according to which reliability is a defining feature. I also argue (3) that even on the former conception, a certain rational belief pertaining to reliability is essential and (4) that reliability itself, while not a defining feature of a virtue thus conceived, nevertheless is a concomitant of it.     

"KEEPING THE HEART": NATURAL AFFECTION IN JOSEPH BUTLER'S APPROACH TO VIRTUE

This essay considers eighteenth-century Anglican thinker Joseph Butler's view of the role of natural emotions in moral reasoning and action. Emotions such as compassion and resentment are shown to play a positive role in the moral life by motivating action and by directing agents toward certain good objects—for example, relief of misery and justice. For Butler, moral virtue is present when these natural affections are kept in proper proportion by the "superior" principles of the moral life—conscience, self-love, and benevolence—which involve the capacity for reasonable reflection. For contemporary thinkers, Butler's approach suggests that natural emotion should not be viewed as the enemy of moral reasoning; in fact, it challenges ethicists to pay attention to and account for the significant role of the emotions in the moral life.     

INTRODUCTION: VIRTUE AND VICE

Abstract: This introduction to the collection Virtue and Vice, Moral and Epistemic addresses three main questions: (1) What is a virtue theory in ethics or epistemology? (2) What is a virtue? and (3) What is a vice? (1) It suggests that a virtue theory takes the virtues and vices of agents to be more fundamental than evaluations of acts or beliefs, and defines right acts or justified beliefs in terms of the virtues. (2) It argues that there are two important but different concepts of virtue: virtues are qualities that attain good ends, and virtues are qualities that involve good motives. (3) Accordingly, vices are qualities that either fail to attain good ends or involve bad motives. Finally, the introduction summarizes the eleven essays in the collection, which are divided into four sections: the Structure of Virtue Ethics and Virtue Epistemology; Virtue and Context; Virtue and Emotion; and Virtues and Vices.     

OPEN-MINDEDNESS

Abstract: Open-mindedness is typically at the top of any list of the intellectual or "epistemic" virtues. Yet, providing an account that simultaneously explains why open-mindedness is an epistemically valuable trait to have and how such a trait is compatible with full-blooded belief turns out to be a challenge. Building on the work of William Hare and Jonathan Adler, I defend a view of open-mindedness that meets this challenge. On this view, open-mindedness is primarily an attitude toward oneself as a believer, rather than toward any particular belief. To be open-minded is to be aware of one's fallibility as a believer, and to acknowledge the possibility that anytime one believes something, one could be wrong. In order to see that such an attitude is epistemically valuable even to an already virtuous agent, some details of the skills and habits of the open-minded agent are elucidated.     

《易传》伦理思想研究

与战国这一中国社会由奴隶制向封建制过渡的历史时期相联系,这一时期的哲学和伦理思想也呈现出了整合、统一的特征.<易传>就是最能彰显这一时代特征的重要著作之一.t易传>是先秦伦理思想的集大成者,它所提出并系统阐发的道德起源论、道德原则论、道德规范论和道德评价论,奠定了中国伦理思想的基本格局,对后来的中国伦理思想的发展产生了深远的影响,在伦理思想史上具有重要的地位.     

VIRTUE ETHICS AND VIRTUE EPISTEMOLOGY

Abstract: The aim of this essay is to test the claim that epistemologists—virtue epistemologists in particular—have much to learn from virtue ethics. The essay begins with an outline of virtue ethics itself. This section concludes that a pure form of virtue ethics is likely to be unattractive, so the virtue epistemologist should examine the "impure" views of real philosophers. Aristotle is usually held up as the paradigm virtue ethicist. His doctrine of the mean is described, and it is explained how that doctrine can provide a framework for an account of epistemic virtue. The conclusion of the essay is that a virtue epistemology based on analogies with virtue ethics, though well worth developing and considering, will face several challenges in fulfilling the significant promises that have been made on its behalf.