"六家"、"九流十家"与"百家"

本文认为,先秦时期所称的"家",主要有两种不同的含义."六家"、"九流十家",与先秦至汉代所称的"百家",不是同一范畴内的概念,它们之间并不互相排斥.后人不了解"家"的这两种含义,更不了解"六家"、"九流"所产生的背景,对于先秦学术思想史有误解.     

"与时俱进"和"相适应"

道教思想源远流长,经久不衰,很重要的一点就在于道教思想深深的扎根于中华民族文化古老而不断更新的土壤之中,既保留了中华文化的精髓,又能随时代的变化发展而变化发展。道教发展到今天已有两千余年,始终同中华民族的发展历史息息相关。现在,我国已经进入了社会主义初级阶段,开始全面建设小康社会,中国道教必须与时俱进,也就是要与社会主义社会相适应,这已经是人们普遍的共识和一个不争的事实。当前人们关心的问题是:道教要“与时俱进”,进什么,怎么进?说同社会主义社会“相适应”,什么需要去“适应”,怎样才算“适应”?就此问题,谈谈个人的…     

"心"、"意"、"识"略诠

"心"、"意"、"识"三者在佛教的概念和范畴中十分重要。它们既是佛教法相的核心名词,又是深入佛教法相的重要关口,对之进行贯通古今、综合教内教外观点进行诠释十分必要。本文首先以《说文解字》为主探究文字本义,说明佛教传统中赋予三者的内含是在同其本义相符基础上的引申;其次以玄奘法师所译论典说明传统佛教对三者的理解;最后以"体"、"相"、"用"分析三者,通过建立第九识而对三者进行新的定位。     

"新"亦或"心"——浅析艺术创作的"创新"与"风格"

创新实质只是艺术家对新的世界、新的环境和新的思潮,有了一些新的体会而已。艺术家只要把这些真心体悟表达出来,就是创新。创新与风格的联系是一种内在联系,风格仅仅是创新的外部表现形式,这种形式不是以新奇为标准,而是以是否符合艺术家的心境为标准的。     

"伦理"与"道德"辨析

在日常使用中,"伦理"与"道德"往往被当作同义词或近义词使用,这种现象已经引起了学术理论的混乱,本文归纳了学术界目前现存的几种有代表性的理论观点,并对"伦理"与"道德"的东西方涵义及二者的相互关系进行了辨析与梳理。笔者认为,西方的伦理与道德的涵义相近,但与中文里伦理与道德的涵义有别;中文里伦理与道德的涵义存在着本质的区别。东西方的词源词义不可能完全对应,更不能以西方文化中伦理与道德的词源学涵义来取代中国文化里伦理与道德的基本涵义。对二者的正确理解必须依赖于相应的文化背景。     

刍议"道"与"学"

《续 仙 传 · 侯 道 华 》条 称 :侯 — — 邱 祖 虽 没 有 进 过 学 校 读 儒 ‘月 体 映 日 则 日 食 ’。 以 今 料“又 常 好 子 史 ,手 不 释 卷 ,一 览 必 书 , 但 也 并 非 “不 肯 读 儒 书 ” 者 , 之 :盖 当 其 下 ,即 见 食 ,既 在诵 之 于 口 , 众 或 问 之 : ‘要 此 何 自 从 他 追 随 王 重 阳 祖 师 学 道 后 , 旁 者 , 则 千 里 渐 殊 耳 。 正…     

"藏象本质"与"白马非马"

针对藏象本质研究的哲学误区,围绕"脏器非藏象"、"藏象纯功能"、"藏象指标"与"白马非马"进行藏象本质研究的哲学反思."脏器非藏象"、"藏象纯功能"类似"白马非马","藏象指标"类似"白色是马".探讨藏象本质研究的正确思维方法和技术方案,推动藏象本质研究的进一步深入发展.     

浅论"河图洛书"与"修道"

“河图洛书”的产生颇为神奇。据说在上古伏羲时代 ,有一匹河马身驮“河图”出于孟水。又说在大禹治水时 ,有神龟背负“洛书”出于洛水云云……“河图洛书”的产生所以有这样神奇的传说 ,原因是这里蕴藏着超凡脱俗之理 ,修真返还之法 ,和通天仰地的学问。任何神奇的文化 ,都应当是以人为根本。人是阴阳的结合体 ,是天地宇宙的产物 ,又是万物之最灵者。人实是集天之“厚”、地之“精”而生成。人即是一个天地的全息图。“河图洛书”是易学的一部分 ,也可以说是其主体。易学主要包括数、象、理三部分 ,其最重要的是“数”。数 ,在道家眼里是有…     

"证"与"辨证"之我见

以"证"与"辨证"的关系阐发有关概念,认为对证的概念不应一概而论,在此基础上把证细分为两个概念,提出有形之证和无形之证,辨证的过程就是构建一个"无形之证"理论模型的过程,用来解说有形之证,达到无形之证与有形之证的最大吻合.     

论"新潮"小说"文本"和"文体"的融合

“新潮”小说创作以“先锋”、“实验”的姿态进入文学领域时 ,一个要解决的基本问题便是创作的“文本”意识和“文体”观念。“文本”意味着以文为本 ,以人与故事为结构基础 ;“文体”构成的基本层面和实存状态是一种话语方式。在作家的具体写作行为中“文本”和“文体”应该水乳交融 ,因为“文本”的意味只有在“文体”的抖露中才能有效地呈现     

"儒"的自我理解——荀子说儒的意义

No matter what the original meaning of “Ru” was, looking at it from the perspective of the history of philosophy, the image of “Ru” as portrayed by other schools in the Warring States period was infused with the characteristics of Confucianism of that time. The self-understanding of Warring States Confucians expressed by their employment of the character “Ru” clearly displayed Ru’s character as well as the main points of the Ru school, namely Confucianism. In particular, the words and thoughts of Xunzi, the great Confucian master, on “Ru”, epitomize Pre-Qin Confucian’s understanding and expectations of themselves, and also reflect the Confucian new pursuit in facing the age of the unification of Qin. Translated by Yan Xin from Beijing daxue xuebao 北京大学学报 (Journal of Peking University), 2007, (5): 19–26     

Qeauty and the books: a response to Lewis’s quantum sleeping beauty problem

In his 2007 paper “Quantum Sleeping Beauty”, Peter Lewis poses a problem for the supporters’ of the Everett interpretation of quantum mechanics appeal to subjective probability. Lewis’s argument hinges on parallels between the traditional “sleeping beauty” problem in epistemology and a quantum variant. These two cases, Lewis argues, advocate different treatments of credences even though they share important epistemic similarities, leading to a tension between the traditional solution to the sleeping beauty problem (typically called the “thirder” solution) and Everettian quantum mechanics. In this paper I examine the metaphysical and epistemological differences between Lewis’s two cases, and, in particular, I show how diachronic Dutch book arguments support both the thirder solution in the traditional case and the Everettian’s solution in the variant case. These Dutch books, I argue, reveal an important disanalogy between Lewis’s two cases such that Lewis’s argument does not reveal an inconsistency in either the Everettian’s or the thirder’s assignment of credences.     

"气"概念几个层次意义的分殊

In Chinese philosophy, although the concept of “qi” has numerous meanings, it is not completely without order or chaotic. Generally speaking, “qi” has several different levels of meanings, such as in philosophy, physics, physiology, psychology, ethics, and so on. On the philosophical level, “qi” is similar to “air,” and it is essentially similar to the “matter-energy” or “field” in physics, which refers to the origin or an element of all things in the world. It is from this point that the meanings of “qi” in physiology, psychology, ethics as well as aesthetics are derived. This paper analyzes the meanings of “qi” on five levels and seeks to clarify misunderstandings about “qi,” such as its alleged pan-vitalistic, conscious and pan-ethical characters. Translated by Yan Xin from Zhexue Yanjiu 哲学研究 (Philosophical Studies), 2006, (9): 34–41     

Mencius?? aesthetics and its position

Mencius’ aesthetics unfolded around the ideal personality in his mind. Such an ideal personality belonged to a great man who was sublime, practical and honorable, and it was presented as the beauty of magnificence or the beauty of masculinity. Mencius put forward many propositions such as “the completed goodness that is brightly displayed is called greatness,” nourishing “one’s grand qi 气 (the great morale personality),” “only after a man is a sage can he completely suits himself to his own form,” “the saints only apprehended before me that of which my mind approves along with other men,” being “conscious of sincerity on self-examination,” and flowing “abroad, above and beneath, like that of Heaven and Earth,” all of which described an ideal personality through the course of its formation and its psychological experience. As a prominent school before the Qin dynasty, Mencius’ aesthetics greatly developed the Confucian teaching of “internal sage.” It shared many similarities with Zhuangzi’s thought and was also an aesthetic mode opposed to the latter. Both kinds of aesthetics were prominent: Mencius’ teaching was like imposingly towering and muscularly overflowing majestic mountains; Zhuangzi’s thought was like gracefully flowing water with an air of femininity. In real life though, Mencius’ teaching has greater practical significance in addressing the unbearable lightness of being, a disease of modernity.     

忍与不忍:从德性伦理的观点看

By analysing the two relevant psychological phenomena of “endurance” and “non-endurance,” this essay aims to reveal the ethical implications of a Confucian approach, namely regarding non-endurance as an impulse of primary virtue. Based on this case study, the author then explores the significance of moral cultivation or psychological training in establishing moral personality and the complexities of such a process. Meanwhile, “love” in Confucian ethics means sympathy for the inferior rather than affection for the revered. Hopefully, this study may deepen our understanding of virtue ethics. Translated by Zheng Shuhong from Xueshu Yuekan 学术月刊 (Academic Monthly), 2007, (1): 60–65     

"以生言性"的传统与孟子性善论

This article analyses the tradition of “articulating xing in terms of sheng” and related other expressions, and also examines the debate between Mencius and Gaozi concerning “xing is known by sheng.” It claims that while Mencius’ “human nature is good” discourse is influenced by the interpretive tradition of “articulating xing in terms of sheng”, Mencius also transcends and develops this tradition. Therefore it is only when Mencius’ views about the goodness of human nature are understood in the context of this interpretive tradition that his ideas can be fully understood. Utilizing this framework, the Confucian understanding of rights is then explored. Translated by Andrew Lambert from Zhexue yanjiu 哲学研究 (Philosophical Researches), 2007, (7): 36–42     

A brief explanation of the Chu bamboo slips Hengxian

The discovery of Hengxian and the formation of the category of hengxian are an important recapitulation and creative integration of the theory of the ontological Dao (Tao) in the Pre-Qin period. The cosmology of “self-creating and self-functioning” in Hengxian and the theory of “self-creating and self-evolving” in Liezi and Zhuangzi can be mutually interpreted. It indicates that the theory of transformation of qi entered a quite mature state in the Warring States Period. __________ Translated from Qilu Xuekan 齐鲁学刊 (Qilu Academic Journal), 2005 (1) by Yan Xin     

Is Mozi a utilitarian philosopher?

In this essay I argue that Mozi’s philosophy is anything but utilitarianism by way of analysing four ethical theories. Utilitarianism is an ethics in which the moral subject is an atomic individual human being, and its concern is how to fulfill the interests of the individual self and the social majority. Confucian ethics is centered on the notion of the family and its basic question is that of priority in the relationship between the small self and the enlarged or collective self. Opposite to these two moral theories is Mozi’s ethics: The interests that Mozi is primarily concerned with are not the interests of my individual self or my collective self, but the interests of the other. The fulfillment of the material needs of the other is my moral obligation. The arguments are centered on the three basic concepts, “the I,” “the we,” and “the other.” The significance of Mozi’s thought in modern or postmodern context lies in its striking resemblance to the philosophy of a contemporary western philosopher, Levinas. In both Mozi and Levinas, there is a suspension of utilitarianism. __________ Translated from Zhongguo Zhexue Shi 中国哲学史 (History of Chinese Philosophy), 2005 (1)     

孝意识的时间分析

The reason for the emergence of consciousness of filial piety is that parental care could activate reciprocal filial piety. Parental care and filial piety are two supplementary phenomena caused by the same time consciousness. Phenomenology neglects consciousness of filial piety because it lacks the thinking that sees the fundamental “meaning of time” in the intersection of “past” and “future”. The consciousness of filial piety can only be really constituted by a human being’s personal experience. “Frustrations in personal life” and “breeding of children for oneself” are two occasions for an adult to fight against the separating effect of individualized consciousness and regain awareness of filial piety. Translated by Huang Deyuan from Beijing Daxue Xuebao 北京大学学报 (Journal of Peking University), 2006, (1): 14–24     

命与天命:儒家天人关系的双重视角

As a pair of important categories in traditional Chinese culture, “ming 命 (destiny or decrees)” and “tian ming 天命 (heavenly ordinances)” mainly refer to the constraints placed on human beings. Both originated from “ling 令 (decrees),” which evolved from “wang ling 王令 (royal decrees)” into “tian ling 天令 (heavenly decrees),” and then became “ming” from a throne because of the decisive role of “heavenly decrees” over a throne. “Ming” and “tian ming” have different definitions: “Ming” represented the limits Heaven placed on the natural lives of human beings and was an objective force that men could not direct, but was embodied in human beings as their “destiny”; “Tian ming” reflected the moral ideals of human beings in their self-identification; It originated in man but had to be verified by Heaven, and it was therefore the true ordinance that Heaven placed on human beings. “Ming” and “tian ming” are two perspectives on the traditional relationship between Heaven and human beings, and at the same time Confucians and Daoists placed different emphasis on them. Translated by Huang Deyuan from Zhongguo zhexueshi 中国哲学史 (History of Chinese Philosophy), 2007, (4): 11–21