智力残疾儿童健康知识掌握状况的调查研究

本研究对北京市五所培智学校智力残疾学生进行了问卷调查,以评价智力残疾学生的健康知识水平。研究结果表明:(1)智力残疾学生的健康知识水平普遍低于正常对照组学生,这种差异随年龄的增长而加大。(2)与对照组相比较,营养、疾病预防知识在中年级开始出现显着性差异;人体、青春期知识在高年级开始出现显着性差异;安全知识在低年级开始出现显着性差异。     

重视发挥糖尿病专科护士在糖尿病及其并发症防治中的作用

1糖尿病教育是糖尿病及其并发症防治的基础糖尿病是终身性的疾病,又是可控制、可预防的疾病。糖尿病致死致残的主要原因是糖尿病的各种并发症,而并发症的降低有赖于血糖的良好控制[1]。UKPDS和DPP证明:血糖控制不良,可引起并发症提前出现,导致残疾和死亡。减少糖尿病并发症的发     

弱智儿童心理旋转的研究

该研究探讨了一组9~12岁弱智儿童的“心理旋转”能力,该组儿童平均年龄10.1岁,平均智商（IQ）53.8（中度智力残疾）。研究结果与正常儿童（均龄8岁）作了比较。结果显示,弱智儿童的心理旋转能力明显较之正常儿童为差,智力缺陷对视觉图形空间定向能力（心理旋转）有着明显的影响。但无论弱智儿童或是正常儿童的结果均未发现性别差异。     

智力落后儿童用左、右手抓物的实验研究

本研究旨在探讨智力落后儿童在实验情景下用手抓物的方式、及其与大脑侧偏化的关系。结果表明:(1)智力落后儿童混用手情况多。被试在取物时,使用左手或右手次数的比率平均约为1:2,相当于1—2岁正常儿童用左、右手取物的比率;(2)性别与年龄对落后儿童用手方式无明显影响;(3)病情等级对用手方式有明显影响:轻度智力落后儿童使用左、右手的比率大于中、重度智力落后儿童的同样比率;(4)智力落后儿童抓物的线索在四个实验中不完全相同:实验Ⅰ至Ⅲ的线索为位置(近手),实验Ⅳ为对实验用具的喜爱;(5)在混用手与大脑侧偏化(或优势脑未分化)不完善之间,可能有直接关系。此问题尚需进一步研究。     

学生智力与反应时的关系的教育神经心理学研究

通过比较不同智商者的大脑两半球的反应时发现,小学生中智力较高者大脑西半球的反应时较智力较低者明显为短,说明智力水平与大脑反应明显相关;选择反应时与智力水平的关系较简单反应时尤为密切。但正确反应率在两组之间未见有明显差异。     

小学三年级数学计算机辅助教学中软件类型与学生变量的影响

本研究旨在研究影响小学三年级数学课进行计算机辅助教学(CAI)的条件,160名学生分半在CAI和传统教学下,学习加法定律的法则(规则学习)以及应用法则进行简便计算(技能学习).结果表明:(1)和传统教学相比,规则学习的成绩和传统教学没有明显差异,但学习时间则明显少于传统教学;技能学习的成绩明显不如传统教学.(2)CAI组学生的教学成绩、学习时间、学习控制水平和态度之间都不存在明显的相关.(3)CAI组学生的教学成绩与学生智力水平明显相关.但与学生的平时成绩不存在明显相关,学生的学习时间、学习控制水平和态度均与学生的智力水平、平时成绩无明显相关.(4)CAI组规则学习的学习控制水平明显高于技能学习.     

小学高年级儿童的内隐智力理论及其与表扬的关系

以101名小学五年级的儿童为被试,采用实验法考察小学高年级儿童内隐智力理论的特点,及不同归因取向的表扬对儿童内隐智力理论的影响。结果表明:(1)三组儿童对智力不可控性的得分显著低于中值,说明小学高年级儿童持有智力的发展观;控制组对努力因素的重要性评定显著高于能力因素,说明小学高年级儿童强调努力的重要性;(2)接受能力取向表扬的儿童对智力不可控性的得分显著高于接受努力取向表扬的儿童和控制组,表明能力取向的表扬使儿童倾向于认为智力是不可控的。     

儿童心理折叠能力的发展

本研究主要考察儿童心理折叠能力的发展。结果表明：（１）一般情况下,学生的心理折叠能力随年级（年龄）的上升而提高;（２）智力高的学生的心理折叠能力显著高于常态学生,而且,智力与年级之间存在较强的交互作用说明,智力是影响心理折叠能力发展的主要因素;（３）在本文所涉及的条件下,就总体而言,男生的心理折叠成绩高于女生。但这种性别差异主要不是来自常态组,而来自超常组;（４）不同被试组儿童的心理折叠能力具有不定全一致的发展曲线。     

重视发挥糖尿病专科护士在糖尿病及其并发症防治中的作用

1 糖尿病教育是糖尿病及其并发症防治的基础 糖尿病是终身性的疾病,又是可控制、可预防的疾病.糖尿病致死致残的主要原因是糖尿病的各种并发症,而并发症的降低有赖于血糖的良好控制[1].UKPDS和DPP证明:血糖控制不良,可引起并发症提前出现,导致残疾和死亡.减少糖尿病并发症的发生、发展不仅是降低糖尿病病死率和致残率的关键,也是降低社会和糖尿病患者经济负担的关键,而最有效的推进糖尿病预防和治疗的方法是普及糖尿病知识即糖尿病教育[2].被称为美国糖尿病教育先驱的Dr Joslin就提出:"糖尿病教育不仅是治疗的一部分,它本身就是一种治疗".因此,对患者进行有效地糖尿病教育是必要的,也是其他治疗手段的基础.     

影响中小学教师评估学生智力水平的因素的研究

本研究采用心理测量和调查分析法,调查了36名中小学教师对360名中小学生智力的主观评价与学生智力水平的关系.研究结果表明:(1)从总体上讲,中小学教师对学生智力的评价与学生智力水平的相关是显着的,而小学教师对学生智力的评价与学生智力水平的相关程度又明显高于中学教师;(2)任教科目、跟班时间、是否班主任、性别、年龄与教龄并不影响中小学教师对学生智力的评估.     

城乡父母养育方式与大学生自我概念的关系研究

通过调查689名大学生的父母养育方式和自我概念,考察不同地域父母养育方式与大学生自我概念的关系。结果表明：城市女生比农村女生感受到父母更多的温暖理解和过度保护、更少的偏爱,而城乡男大学生在父母养育方式上没有差异;城市大学生在自我概念各维度上得分均高于农村大学生,而这种差异在女大学生中尤其明显。父母温暖理解对子女的自我概念有正向影响,而拒绝否认和过度保护对子女自我概念有负向影响;城市大学生的自我概念发展主要受父亲养育方式影响,而农村大学生的自我概念发展同时受父亲和母亲养育方式的影响。     

心理预防概念的更新及其对实践的指导意义

继Caplan的“公共卫生预防模型”之后,Gordon提出另一个综合性预防模型;美国国家科学院医学研究所绘制了“心理健康干预光谱”; 美国国家研究所和国家科学院医学院则进一步将“心理健康促进”正式纳入心理预防概念。“心理健康促进”是针对消极被动的传统预防而提出的积极主动的预防。心理预防概念的发展与更新,特别是将“心理健康促进”纳入心理预防体系,要求树立预防的全局观念,提高预防的针对性,将消极心理预防与积极心理健康促进结合起来。     

The epidemiology of developmental disabilities in low-income countries

Although most of the world's children live in developing countries and may be at high risk for disability, very little is known about the prevalence and causes of developmental disabilities in these countries. This paper discusses methodological difficulties contributing to this lack of knowledge, and provides an overview of what is known about the epidemiology of developmental disabilities in low-income countries. At least some forms of developmental disability appear to be more common in low-income countries than in wealthier countries, despite the probability of higher mortality among children with disabilities in low-income countries. For example, most studies of severe mental retardation in low-income countries report prevalences greater than 5 per 1,000 children, while prevalence estimates from industrialized countries are consistently below this. Major risk factors for developmental disabilities in some low-income countries include specific genetic diseases, a higher frequency of births to older mothers, consanguinity, and specific micronutrient deficiencies and infections. Trauma and toxic exposures are also important risk factors, but their contributions to the etiology of developmental disabilities in low-income countries are not well documented. Though many of the causes of developmental disabilities are understood and preventable, proven methods of prevention are not being fully implemented in developing countries. Epidemiologic studies are needed to raise awareness of the public health impacts of developmental disabilities in low-income countries and to provide a basis for setting priorities and designing efficient interventions.     

中学教师自我概念的特点研究

目的:探讨中学教师自我概念的特点。方法:采用自编“中学教师自我概念问卷”对448名中学教师进行调查。结果:(1)初高中教师自我概念水平基本相同,重点高中教师的工作自我高于普通高中教师,生理自我低于普通高中教师。(2)中学男教师社会心理自我和生理自我高于女教师,道德自我低于女教师。(3)中学乡镇教师工作自我高于城市教师。(4)中学教师在社会心理自我、工作自我、生理自我方面表现出教龄的差异性,并呈现出一定的规律:随着教龄的增长,自我概念的发展是先下降,然后逐步回升。     

Blockheads, roundheads, pointy heads: intellectual disability and the brain before modern medicine

Recent work on the conceptual history of intellectual disability has pointed to a discontinuity in the seventeenth century, identifying the concept as essentially modern in a more radical sense than mental illness or physical disability. However, Galenist accounts of intellectual impairment were clearly connected (via anatomy) to neurology, which could be taken as prima facie evidence that Galenism shares with modern medicine one of its basic explanatory approaches to intellectual disability. Close textual examination does not bear out this counter-claim, at least as far as the conceptual apparatus itself is concerned. However, it does reveal a degree of continuity in the medical mind-set as discourses of monstrosity were transposed from the domain of anatomy to that of post-Cartesian psychology.     

Associations of depression,anxiety and PTSD with neurological disability and cognitive impairment in survivors of moyamoya disease

Depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are common complications of cerebrovascular diseases. However, they were seldom explored in Moyamoya Disease (MMD) survivors. In this study, we measured the prevalence of depression, anxiety and PTSD in MMD survivors. We evaluated the association of mental disorders with neurological disability and cognitive impairment, and further find out the independent protective and risk factors of neurological disability and cognitive impairment. In MMD survivors, the prevalence of these three mental disorders is high, 46.7% for depression, 50% for anxiety and 47.5% for PTSD. Anxiety and PTSD were significantly associated with more severe neurological disability (p = 0.039 and < 0.001); depression and anxiety were significantly associated with greater cognitive deficiency (p = 0.004 and 0.002). We further found PTSD was the only risk factor associated with neurological disability, and the corresponding odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) was 81.74 (9.91–674.17); depression and anxiety were risk factors associated with cognitive impairment, and the corresponding OR and 95%CI were 2.73 (1.10–6.81) and 3.37 (1.29–8.78). Therefore, these three mental disorders were associated with more severe neurological disability and greater cognitive deficiency in MMD survivors.     

Psychological distress in university students: A comparison with general population data

Objective: While the mental health of university students is recognised internationally as an important public health issue, more epidemiological data are needed that allows benchmarking with general population data. Methods: All enrolled students from two large Australian universities were invited to complete a web‐based survey. Anxiety‐mood disorders were assessed using the Kessler 10. A total of 6,479 students participated in the study with sociodemographics generally consistent with the university population. Results: The estimated prevalence for mental health problems was 19.2% with 67.4% reporting subsyndromal symptoms. These rates were significantly higher than the general population. Psychological distress was associated with disability and lower academic achievement. Predictors of distress included: full‐time status, financial stress, being aged between and 18 and 34 years, being female, and in a subsequent undergraduate year of their degree. Conclusions: The extremely high prevalence of mental health problems in university students provides evidence for this being an at‐risk population. Implications: The results highlight the need for universal early interventions to prevent the development of severe mental illness in university students.     

小学生创造性数学问题提出能力的发展研究

运用实验的方法,对371名小学生创造性数学问题提出能力的发展进行了研究。结果表明:1)小学生创造性数学问题提出能力整体呈现波浪式上升的趋势;2)男女生在创造性数学问题提出能力上不存在显著差异;3)城乡小学生创造性数学问题提出能力的发展差异显著,城市小学学生发展比乡村小学学生发展早一年。     

大学生SCL－90测试结果的研究

采用ＳＣＬ－９０临床症状自评量表,对随机抽取的安徽大学１－４年级２００名学生进行测试,结果表明：大学生心理健康总体水平低于全国成人常模;生源于城市和农村的大学生相比,总体差异不显著;生源于应届高中毕业生和历届高中毕业的大学生相比,在恐怖和精神病性两因子上,前者的均分显著高于后者;男女大学生相比,女大学生在抑郁和恐怖两个因子上的均分显著高于男大学生。     

我国传染病防治面临的形势与对策

长期以来由于种种原因对新发传染病和再发传染病防控方面存在许多问题,比如认识上不足、缺乏投入、设施陈旧、专业人员短缺、农村是薄弱环节等,在SARS暴发过程中表现更为严重,迫切地要求建立一完整套的、科学的、符合中国国情的应对各种新发或再发传染病的公共卫生应急系统.