The influence of melodic context on pitch recognition judgment

Subjects made delayed pitch comparisons between tones that were each preceded by tones of lower pitch. The pitches of these preceding tones were so chosen that in some conditions the melodic intervals formed by the standard (S) and comparison (C) combinations were identical, and in others they differed. A strong effect of melodic relational context was demonstrated. When the S and C combinations formed identical melodic intervals, there was an increased tendency for the S and C tones to be judged as identical. And when the S and C combinations formed different melodic intervals, there was an increased tendency for the S and C tones to be judged as different. These effects occurred both when the S and C tones were identical in pitch and also when these differed, and they occurred despite instructions to attend only to the S and C tones.     

Amnesia and second language learning

The ability of an anterograde amnesic C.S. to learn a second language is assessed. First, her claim that she learned Italian while amnesic was examined in a series of formal tests of Italian. Second, C.S. and her husband were tutored in French and her acquisition was compared to that of her husband's. Third, C.S.'s ability to learn other kinds of verbal material with practice was investigated. The implications of C.S.'s apparent ability to learn a second language in the presence of a severe deficit for memory for other kinds of verbal material is discussed.     

认知训练对不同类型考试焦虑的作用

以163名高中一年级学生为被试,采用现场实验法考察了认知训练对认知主导型考试焦虑(C型)、生理唤醒主导型考试焦虑(P型)和学习技能缺乏型考试焦虑(S型)的作用效果.结果表明:认知训练能显著地降低三种考试焦虑类型的状态考试焦虑,提高C型和P型的考试成绩.认知训练在降低考试焦虑和提高考试成绩两方面对C型考试焦虑者作用尤为明显.认知训练没有表明对S型考试焦虑者有提高考试成绩的作用.     

学习和考试技能训练对不同类型考试焦虑者的作用

以209名高中学生为被试,采用现场实验法考察了学习与考试技能训练(SST)对认知主导型考试焦虑(C型)、生理唤醒主导型考试焦虑(P型)和学习技能缺乏型考试焦虑(S型)的作用效果。结果表明：SST不能降低三种考试焦虑类型的状态考试焦虑,但能显著提高三种不同类型考试焦虑者的考试成绩。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviews in this article:
F rustration A nd A ggression . By John Dollard, Leonard W. Doob, Neal E. Miller, O. H. Mowrer, Robert R. Sears.
P sychological F actors in M arital H appiness . By L. M. Terman.
T wins : A Study of Heredity and Environment. By Horatio H. Newman, Frank N. Freeman, and Karl J. Holzinger.
P sychologische Z willingsunter S uchungen . By Arvo Lehtovaara.
C ooperation and C ompetition A mong P rimitive P eoples . Edited by Margaret Mead.
C ompetition and C ooperation . By Mark A. May and Leonard W. Doob.
M emorandum on R esearch in C ompetition and C ooperation . By Members of the Sub-Committee on Competition and Cooperation.
P rimitive B ehavior . By William I. Thomas.
B ehavior and B ackground of S tudents in C ollege and S econdary S chool , By Ruth Strang.
C ounseling T echnics in C ollege and S econdary S chool , By Ruth Strang.
S tudents and O ccupations , By E. G. Williamson.
V ocational G uidance T hroughout the W orld , By Franklin J, Keller and Morris S. Viteles.
B rothers in C rime . By Clifford R. Shaw.     

REVIEWS

Gender and Thought: Psychological Perspectives , M ary C rawford and M argaret G entry
Psychotherapists' Sexual Involvement With Clients: Intervention and Prevention , G ary E. S choener , J eanette H. M ilgrom , J ohn C. G onsiorek , E llen T. L eupker , AND R ay M. C onroe
Invisible Lives , M artha B arron B arrett
Lesbians at Midlife: The Creative Transition , B arbara S ang , J oyce W arshow , and A drienne J. S mith
Making Connections: The Relational Worlds of Adolescent Girls at Emma Willard School , C arol G illigan , N ona P. L yons , and T rudy J. H anmer     

Memory mechanisms in pigeons: evidence of base-rate neglect

In delayed matching to sample, once acquired, pigeons presumably choose comparisons according to their memory for (the strength of) the sample. When memory for the sample is sufficiently weak, comparison choice should depend on the history of reinforcement associated with each of the comparison stimuli. In the present research, pigeons acquired two matching tasks in which Sample S1 was associated with one comparison from each task, C1 and C3, whereas Sample S2 was associated with Comparison C2, and Sample S3 was associated with Comparison C4. As the retention interval increased, the pigeons showed a bias to choose the comparison (C1 or C3) associated with the more frequently occurring sample (S1). Thus, pigeons were sensitive also to the (irrelevant) likelihood that each of the samples was presented. The results suggest that pigeons may allow their reference memory for the overall sample frequency to influence comparison choice, independent of the comparison stimuli present.     

Reviews

Jung , C. G. General bibliography of C. G. Jung's writings Jung , C. G. General index to the Collected works Wiener , Aharon . The Prophet Elijah in the development of Judaism. A depth-psychological study Copans , S. and Singer , T. Who's the patient here? Portraits of the young psychotherapist Minuchin , S., Rosman , B. L. and Baker , L. Psychosomatic families: anorexia nervosa in context Bryant , C. The river within: the search for God in the depth     

Book Reviews Section

Book reviews in this article:
L awshe , C. H., and B alma , M ichael J. Principles of Personnel Testing .
S mith , H enry C lay . Sensitivity to People .
C hiselli , E dwin E. The Validity of Occupational Aptitude Tests .
T annenbaum , A rnold S. Social Psychology of the Work Organization .
M iller , E rnest C. Objectives and Standards .
V alentine , R aymond F. Performance Objectives for Managers .
S ayles , L eonard R., and S trauss , G eohge . Human Behavior in Organizations .
M organ , J ohn S. Practical Guide to Conference Leadership
Books and Materials Received     

Training for the campus ministry

Conclusion We will finish as we started. The minister preparing himself for work on the campus is like an army chaplain entering the battlefield for the first time. Anticipatory anxiety is to be expected. This anxiety can paralyze efficient work and endanger the integration of the personality, but by careful training this same anxiety can become constructive instead of destructive and a source of great pastoral creativity instead of distress. A minister who is prepared for his task can enter a university community even when it is in great turmoil, without fear. He is free. With a realistic confidence in his abilities, with a sense of inner harmony and, most of all, with trust in the value of his service, he can be a free witness for God, strengthening hope, fulfilling love, and making joy complete.This article will be a chapter inIntimacy: Pastoral Psychological Essays by the Rev. Henry J. M. Nouwen, to be published in the spring, 1969, by Fides Publishers, Inc., Notre Dame, Indiana. (The author wishes to give special thanks to Jim Burtchaell, C.S.C., David B. Burrell, C.S.C., Ralph F. Dunn, C.S.C., and John Gerber, C.S.C., of the University of Notre Dame for their constructive criticism on the first draft of this article.)     

BOOKS

Psychiatry in Broad Perspective. Roy R. Grinker Counseling and Psychotherapy: An Existential-Humanistic View. Dugald S. Arbuckle. Emotional Well-Being through Rational Behavior Training. David S. Goodman (in collaboration with Maxie C. Maultsby, Jr.). Charles C Thomas Practical Counseling in the Schools. Gary S. Belkin. William C. Brown Personnel Interviewing: Theory and Practice. Felix M. Lopez. Survival Kit for Teachers (and Parents). Myrtle T. Collins and Dwane R. Collins. MMPI Interpretation Manual for Counselors and Clinicians. Jane C. Duckworth and Edwin Duckworth. Overload: The New Human Condition. Leopold Bellak. Organizational Behavior Modification. Fred Luthans and Robert Kreitner. Adjustment, Behavior, and Personality. Leonard D. Goodstein and Richard I. Lanyon.     

Effects of overtraining on reversal learning by rats in concurrent and single discriminations

Two experiments examined the whole-partial effect of overtraining in concurrent discriminations and assessed the effect against single discrimination training in rats. In Experiment 1 overtraining facilitated reversal in Group W, in which rats were given concurrent training on two simultaneous discrimination tasks (A and B) in original learning before both tasks were reversed. By contrast, overtraining delayed reversal in Group P, in which animals were given the same training as in Group W in original learning, but only Task A was reversed. After overtraining, Group W reversed more rapidly than Group P. Without overtraining, Group P reversed more rapidly than both Group W and Group C, in which animals were trained only on Task A before this task was reversed. Experiment 2 investigated the effects of overtraining on the reversal of a successive discrimination in Groups W, P, and C. In addition, animals in a further group, Group S, received the same concurrent training as Group W before Task B was omitted and Task A reversed. Overtraining facilitated reversal in Groups W, C, and S but delayed it in Group P. After overtraining, Group W reversed more rapidly than Groups P, S, and C. Both Groups S and C also reversed more rapidly than did Group P. Without overtraining, Group P reversed more rapidly than Groups W, S, and C. There were no significant differences in reversal performance among Groups W, S, and C. These findings indicate that the effects of overtraining on reversal learning in concurrent discriminations differ from those observed in single discriminations.     

REVIEWS

Book review in this Article.
The Girls are the Ones With the Pointy Nails, K aren R. B ailey
Abortion: A Positive Decision. Patricia Lunneborg. New York
Our Choices: Women's Personal Decisions About Abortion. S umi H os -hiko
From Surviving to Thriving: Incest, Feminism, and Recovery, C hristine D insmore. Albany
Mothers Surviving Child Sexual Abuse, C arol -A nn H ooper. New York
Sexual Trauma and Psychopathology: Clinical Intervention with Adult Survivors, S hanti S hapiro and G eorge M. D ominiak. New York
Gender Play , B arrie T horne. New Brunswick, NJ:
The Sexual Brain, S imon L e V ay. Cambridge, MA     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviews in this article:
P sychology : The Science of Behavior. By Karl F. Muenzinger.
T he I ndividual and H is S ociety : The Psychodynamics of Primitive Social Organisation. By Abram Kardiner.
M inor M ental M aladjustments I n N ormal P eople. By J. E. W. Wallin.
T he C linical T reatment O f T he P roblem C hild . By C. R. Rogers.
P sychological F oundations O f P ersonality . By Louis P. Thorpe.
E xplorations in P ersonality . By Henry A. Murray.
P sychology and T he R eligious Q uest : An Account of the Psychology of Religion and a Defence of Individualism. By Raymond B. Cattell.
S keptic's Q uest . By Hornell Hart.
A n E xperiment with T ime . By J. W. Dunne.
A nalysis of F arercasia . By Gladys C. Terry and Thomas A. C. Rennie.
Y ou & H eredity . By Amram Scheinfeld, Assisted in the Genetic Sections by Dr. Morton D. Schweitzer.
P ersonality S tructure in S chizophrenia . By Samuel J. Beck.
T he S tartle P attern . By Carney Landis and William A. Hunt.
E motions and B odily C hanges : A Survey of Literature on Psychosomatic Interrelationships, 1910–1933. Second Edition. By H. Flanders Dunbar.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Books reviewed in this article:
Hellenistic and Early Modern Philosophy. E dited by J on M iller and B rad I nwood
Descartes' Concept of Mind. B y L illi A lanen
Spinoza and Spinozism. B y S tuart H ampshire
Freedom and Tradition in Hegel: Reconsidering Anthropology, Ethics, and Religion. B y T homas A. L ewis
Truth and Paradox. B y T im M audlin
Mind World: Essays in Phenomenology and Ontology. B y D avid W oodruff S mith
Varieties of Things: Foundations of Contemporary Metaphysics. B y C ynthia M acdonald
Scepticism Comes Alive. B y B ryan F rances
Expression and the Inner. B y D avid H. F inkelstein
Creatures Like Us? B y L ynne S harpe
The Metaphysics of Apes. B y R aymond C orbey
In Defense of Animals: the Second Wave. E dited B y P eter S inger
Revealing Art. B y M atthew K ieran
The Spiritual Dimension: Religion, Philosophy and Human Value. B y J ohn C ottingham     

Dissimilation,differential assimilation and social identity

Studied the behaviour of subjects in a ‘normalization’ experiment: when a consistent confederate adopts the subject's norms (adoption situation); when the consistent response of the confederate deviates from the subject's norm (distance situation). We had three conditions for each of these two modes of response: we manipulated the C's image (C was always similar to the subject), and the image of a reference population: C and S were both either very similar (C and S in the majority) or very dissimilar (C and S in the minority) to the population. Or there was no image manipulation. Sixty male subjects participated in this experiment: 10 subjects in each of the six experimental conditions. In two adoption conditions (no image, C and S in the majority) the subjects changed their responses when the confederate adopted their norm. Our hypothesis on the resistance to influence in one of the distance condition (C and S in the minority) was not verified. Thus we have shown that a phenomenon of differential dissimilation exists, but our previous results on differential assimilation are not replicated. These results are coherent with the social differentiation and originality theory which stresses the quest for social identity and distinctiveness by actors who do not ‘react’ but who, in certains situations, elaborate strategies.     

Differential Estimation of Treatment Effect Between Clinician‐Administered and Self‐Reported PTSD Assessments

This study reported the findings of a meta‐analysis exploring differences between clinician‐administered (C‐A) and self‐reported (S‐R) outcomes of counseling and therapy interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder. A sample of 17 randomized trials resulted in 46 effect sizes (23 C‐A, 23 S‐R) representing the data of 1,405 participants. No statistically significant differences were detected between C‐A and S‐R outcome estimates alone or when considering treatment setting; however, differential estimates emerged for modality across age groups.     

Book Review Section

Book review in This Article:
M c C lelland , D avid C. The Achieving Society.
A rgyris , C hris . Interpersonal Competence and Organizational Effectiveness.
W hyte , W illiam F oote . Men at Work.
B urns , T om , and S talker , G. M. The Management of Innovation.
I ndustrial R elations C ounselors , I nc ., Group Wage Incentives: Experience with the Scanlon Plan.
L eonard , W illiam P. The Management Audit: An Appraisal of Management Methods and Performance.
A nstey , E. Staff Reporting and Staff Development.
M argulies , S tuart , and E igen , L ewis D. (Editors) Applied Programed Instruction.
D ill , W illiam R., H ilton , T homas L., and R eitman , W alter R. The New Managers: Patterns of Behavior and Development.
S idney , E lizabeth , and B rown , M argaret . The Skills of Interviewing.
C hruden , H erbert J., and S herman , A rthur W., J r . Readings in Personnel Management.     

Book Review Section

Books reviewed in this article:
H aire , M ason . Psychology in Management.
S tone , C. H arold, and K endall , W illiam E. Effective Personnel Selection Procedures.
A nstey , E., and M ercer , E. O. Interviewing for the Selection of Staff.
L uck , T homas J. Personnel Audit and Appraisal.
Z aleznik , A. Worker Satisfaction and Development: A Case Study of Work and Social Behavior in a Factory Group.
L aird , D onald A., and L aird , E leanor C. Practical Business Psychology.
S togdill , R alph M., and S hartle , C arroll L. Methods in the Study of Administrative Leadership.
S togdill , R alph M., S hartle , C arroll L., et al . Patterns of Administrative Performance.
S cott , E llis L. Leadership and Perceptions of Organization.
H ärnqvist , K jell . Adjustment: Leadership and Group Relations in a Military Training Situation.
S tern , G eorge G., S tein , M orris I., and B loom , B enjamin S. Methods in Personality Assessment: Human Behavior in Complex Social Situations.
W arner , W. L loyd, and A begglen , J ames C. Occupational Mobility in American Business and Industry, 1928–1952.
L aird , D onald A., and L aird , E leanor C. The New Psychology for Leadership.     

Traveling in time: a time-left analogue for humans

Two experiments studied normal humans in an analogue of the time-left procedure of J. Gibbon and R. M. Church (1981). In Experiment 1 the "standard" alternative (S) was always half the length of the "comparison" time-left link (C), and S ranged from 4 to 8 s. Humans showed an increasing preference for the time-left alternative with increasing elapsed time in the interval, and indifference points strongly supported the idea of a linear, rather than a logarithmic, time scale. Experiment 2 used some conditions in which S was greater or less than C/2, and preference for the time-left alternative varied systematically with the S/C ratio. Data from both experiments showed reasonable superposition, suggesting underlying scalar timing processes in time left in humans.